1. Slavery:
Lincoln was a known opponent of slavery and had made his views clear throughout his political career. During the presidential campaign of 1860, he opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories and advocated for its gradual abolition. This stance was seen as a direct threat to the institution of slavery in the South, where it was deeply entrenched and crucial to the region's economy and social structure.
2. States' Rights:
Southerners were strong proponents of states' rights and believed that individual states had the right to make their own decisions, including the right to own slaves. They saw Lincoln's election and the Republican Party's platform as an infringement on these rights and feared that the federal government would impose restrictions or even abolish slavery in the future.
3. Economic Concerns:
The Southern economy was heavily reliant on agriculture, with cotton being a major export crop. Many southerners feared that Lincoln's election and the potential for abolition would lead to a disruption in the Southern economy and a loss of their wealth.
4. Cultural and Social Differences:
The North and South had significant cultural and social differences, shaped by geography, demographics, and economic circumstances. Southerners perceived Lincoln and the Northern Republican Party as representing alien values that threatened their way of life and their cherished institutions, including slavery.
5. Mistrust of the Republican Party:
The newly formed Republican Party had gained prominence in the North by opposing slavery and promoting a strong federal government. Many southerners saw the party as a threat to their interests and values, and Lincoln's election confirmed these fears.
6. Fear of Northern Dominance:
The South felt marginalized and underrepresented in the federal government compared to the more populous North. Lincoln's election deepened these concerns, as it shifted the balance of power further in favor of the North.
7. Secessionist Sentiment:
Some southerners believed that secession from the Union was the best way to protect their interests and way of life. Lincoln's election, seen as a threat to slavery and their autonomy, accelerated the secessionist movement and led several southern states to secede from the Union, eventually leading to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861.
While these were some of the main reasons for the upset among southerners, it's important to note that there were differing opinions within the South, with some southerners initially supporting Lincoln or remaining undecided. However, the dominant political and social forces ultimately pushed the region towards secession and conflict.