World War II impacted on racial barriers in the United States significantly albeit temporarily. The war on one side intensified racism towards Japanese-Americans and Asians and on the other side challenged the traditional racial stereotypes which created opportunities for African-Americans and other discriminated minorities.
Here are some key factors:
1. Japanese Internment: The internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II was a profound violation of civil rights and personal freedoms. Over 120,000 individuals, mostly American citizens, were forcibly removed from their homes and communities and incarcerated in internment camps based solely on their ethnicity. This tragic event heightened awareness about the unjust consequences of racial prejudice.
2. African-American Migration and the War Effort: During the war, many African-Americans migrated from the South to industrial centers in the North, Midwest, and West to support the war effort and contribute to the booming wartime economy. This migration brought significant changes to the demography of cities, challenging existing social structures and practices that perpetuated segregation.
3. Double Victory Concept: Some African-American leaders and activists emphasized the idea of a "double victory" – fighting for victory abroad against fascism while also fighting for civil rights and racial equality at home. This concept gained traction during the war and led to increased civil rights activism.
4. Roosevelt's Executive Orders: President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued several executive orders that aimed to address racial discrimination in the defense industry and federal employment. Executive Order 8802 prohibited racial discrimination in defense industries and created the Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) to investigate and resolve discrimination complaints.
5. Military Opportunities: The war led to increased opportunities for African-Americans to serve in the armed forces. Although segregation persisted within the military, the Tuskegee Airmen, an all-Black squadron, distinguished themselves with their skill and courage, challenging preconceived notions about the capabilities of African-American aviators.
While World War II temporarily weakened some racial barriers, the progress achieved during this time was limited and ultimately temporary. After the war, many aspects of segregation and racial inequality persisted, requiring further civil rights movements and legislation in subsequent years.