Before the arrival of American troops in 1898 during the Spanish-American War, the Cuban people had been waging a prolonged struggle for independence from Spanish colonial rule. This struggle was characterized by several key factors:
1. Ten Years' War (1868-1878): This was the first major Cuban war of independence. Led by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and other Cuban patriots, the war aimed to end slavery, achieve political autonomy, and establish a republic. Although it did not immediately achieve its goals, the Ten Years' War instilled a sense of nationalism and paved the way for future uprisings.
2. Economic and Social Discontent: The Cuban economy was heavily reliant on sugar production, and the Spanish colonial system imposed high taxes and restrictions on trade. Many Cubans felt economically exploited, while social inequalities and racial discrimination added to their grievances.
3. Intellectual and Literary Movements: A growing number of Cuban intellectuals and writers emerged in the late 19th century, advocating for independence and social change. José Martí, considered the "Apostle of Cuban Independence," played a crucial role in shaping the ideological foundation of the Cuban independence movement.
4. Revolutionary Organizations: Several revolutionary organizations were formed to spearhead the fight for independence, including the Cuban Revolutionary Party, founded by José Martí in 1892. These organizations aimed to mobilize support and coordinate armed uprisings against Spanish rule.
5. Guerrilla Warfare: Due to the overwhelming military strength of Spain, Cuban rebels often resorted to guerrilla warfare tactics, utilizing hit-and-run attacks, ambushes, and sabotage. This strategy allowed the rebels to counter the Spanish forces and maintain a protracted struggle for independence.
In conclusion, the Cuban struggle for independence before American troops arrived was characterized by a prolonged war of independence, economic and social grievances, intellectual and literary movements, revolutionary organizations, and guerrilla warfare. These factors contributed to the Cuban people's desire for self-determination and their ultimate quest for freedom from Spanish colonial rule.