The Parliamentarism it is a political system of English origin in which power is concentrated in Parliaments and which can be used both in Republics and in Constitutional Monarchies; however, this system exists only in Democratic States.
To better understand this concept:Democracy.
Key Features
The division between the functions of head of state and government are striking in parliamentarism; in this system, the head of state has no political attributions, since public administration is in the hands of Parliament and the head of state and his ministry.
In a Parliamentary Republic , the president does not have broad executive attributions, as the Prime Minister is the one who centralizes these attributions.
In turn, in Parliamentary Monarchies , the power of the monarch is limited by the Constitution and administrative matters are controlled by the ministers, of which the prime minister (Premie, Chancellor, Head of Government, or President of Government) figures prominently, as he receives an investiture from Parliament to lead the government.
For this reason, he can be quickly removed by the same Parliament if there is a vote of no confidence from parliamentarians.
In effect, the Executive Power emanates from the Cabinet of Ministers, a council of Ministers recommended by the Prime Minister and approved by Parliament. In turn, these parliamentarians are chosen by popular suffrage in direct elections, which makes the Legislative Power a vital instrument in the administration of the country.
Learn more at Constitutional Monarchy and Forms of Government.
English Parliamentarianism
It is a consensus that the origin of modern Parliamentarism lies in Medieval England at the end of the 13th century, when the “Magna Carta ” (1215) was signed to curb the power of monarchs.
Therefore, in the 14th century, the House of Lords and House of Commons are instituted, crystallizing a system of Bicameral Parliamentarianism counterbalanced by the monarch, who is the third member of Parliament.
Read about Monarchy
Parliamentarism in Brazil
Brazil has already experienced two parliamentary moments in its history. The first took place during the imperial period, between 1847 and 1889, when the monarch D. Pedro II, to overcome political crises, adopted a regime similar to the English one.
Therefore, between September 1961 and January 1963, during João Goulart's presidency, Parliamentary Presidentialism was instituted in Brazil, but it was extinguished during the Military Dictatorship.
Main Parliamentary Countries
The countries that have the parliamentary system are:
- England
- Sweden
- Italy
- Germany
- Portugal
- Japan
Differences between Parliamentarianism and Presidentialism
The main difference between these two political systems is that, in Presidentialism, the Executive Power is concentrated in the hands of the President, while in the Parliamentary system, the Prime Minister and his ministerial cabinet share administrative attributions and are subordinate to Parliament (Legislative Power) .
Another striking difference is that in Parliamentarianism, the government leader receives an investiture to govern and can be easily replaced in moments of crisis, which, in turn, does not occur in Presidentialism, as the President receives a constitutional mandate and cannot be removed. with ease.
Furthermore, Parliamentarianism is compatible with any democratic system and Presidentialism is seen only in Democratic Republics.
See also:republic