Displacement and refugees: Millions of civilians were displaced from their homes due to fighting, bombings, and persecution. Many became refugees, seeking shelter in other countries. Refugee camps were established to provide temporary housing and assistance to the displaced population.
Food shortages and famine: The war disrupted agricultural production and distribution, leading to widespread food shortages and famine in many parts of the world. For instance, the Bengal famine of 1943 resulted in the deaths of an estimated 2-3 million people.
Disease outbreaks: The war created conditions that facilitated the spread of diseases, including typhus, cholera, and dysentery. This led to a considerable number of deaths among civilians and soldiers.
Persecution and genocide: The war saw instances of persecution and genocide, such as the Holocaust, in which the Nazis systematically exterminated six million Jews. Other minority groups, including Roma and homosexuals, were also targeted.
Physical destruction and damage: The war resulted in extensive physical destruction, especially in cities that were targeted by bombings. Many historic buildings and cultural artifacts were destroyed, causing irreparable damage to cultural heritage.
Psychological impact: The war had a profound psychological impact on civilians. They experienced fear, trauma, grief, and anxiety due to the constant threat of violence, persecution, and loss of loved ones.