1. Shift from Monarchy to People's Sovereignty:
- The central feature of becoming a republic is the shift from a monarchy, where power is concentrated in a hereditary ruler (king, queen, emperor), to a republic, where the people are considered the ultimate source of political power and authority.
2. Establishment of Democratic Institutions:
- With the abolition of monarchy, republics establish democratic institutions such as a parliament, legislature, or congress. These representative bodies are elected by citizens through periodic elections.
3. Elected Head of State:
- Instead of a hereditary monarch, a republic has an elected head of state, often referred to as the president or prime minister. The president is typically elected by the people or chosen by the parliament.
4. Separation of Powers:
- Republican governments incorporate the principle of separation of powers. This means that the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government are distinct and independent. This separation aims to prevent the concentration of power in any one branch and ensure checks and balances.
5. Rule of Law:
- Republics prioritize the rule of law, meaning that laws apply equally to all citizens, including those in positions of power. This is in contrast to monarchies, where the monarch may be exempt from certain laws.
6. Equality of Citizens:
- Republics recognize the fundamental equality of all citizens. There are no legally defined classes or titles based on birth, and all citizens are entitled to the same basic rights, privileges, and opportunities.
7. Public Participation and Accountability:
- A republican system emphasizes public participation in decision-making and accountability of government officials. Citizens can participate through elections, civic engagement, and activism. Elected representatives are responsible for their actions and must answer to the public.
8. Constitutional Framework:
- Republics typically have a formal constitution that defines the structure and functions of the government, establishes fundamental rights and freedoms, and sets limits on the power of the state.
9. Political Pluralism:
- Republican governments often accommodate a diversity of political views and interests, allowing for the existence of multiple political parties and ideologies.
10. Civic Engagement and Civic Responsibilities:
- Becoming a republic requires an active and informed citizenry. Citizens are expected to fulfill civic responsibilities such as voting, participating in public discourse, and holding their representatives accountable.
In essence, becoming a republic is a fundamental change in the political system that empowers the people, establishes representative government, and promotes democratic principles, rule of law, and equality of citizens.