The North was predominantly industrialized, with factories, urban centers and a growing workforce. The South was largely agrarian, based on agriculture plantations, and slave labor. This divergence created conflicting interests between the two regions.
Slavery
Enslavement was a fundamental institution in the South and was deeply ingrained in its economy and culture. The North was becoming increasingly abolitionist, with growing opposition to slavery on moral, economic, and social grounds. This tension over the issue of slavery escalated the divide between the regions.
Industrialization and Tariffs
The North favored protective tariffs to support its industries and safeguard jobs while the South opposed such tariffs as they increased the costs of goods imported from the North and abroad. This disagreement led to heated debates and strained relations between the regions.
Immigration and Cultural Differences
The North attracted a large number of immigrants from Europe, bringing diverse cultures, values, and social perspectives. The South, on the other hand, was largely dominated by Anglo-American culture, emphasizing traditions, social hierarchy and planter elite. These cultural disparities further exacerbated the regional divisions.
Expansion and Territories
The issue of expanding into Western territories added fuel to the fire. Southern states were concerned that the admission of free states would disturb the balance of power in the Senate, where representation was based on statehood, and potentially lead to the abolition of slavery in new territories.
Political Representation and Power
As the population of the North grew, its representation in the House of Representatives and electoral college increased, while the South experienced a relative decline in influence. Southern politicians felt the Northern states were gaining too much power and control over national affairs, leading to feelings of resentment and fear of domination.