1. Thirteenth Amendment (1865): The ratification of the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime. This was the first major legal measure that aimed to address discrimination based on race in the country.
2. Civil Rights Act of 1866: This act extended federal civil rights protections to African Americans, enabling them to own property, make contracts, and sue in federal court. However, this act faced many challenges and did not effectively guarantee equal rights.
3. Fourteenth Amendment (1868): The 14th Amendment provided equal protection and civil rights for all citizens, regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. It was a significant step in protecting African Americans' civil rights.
4. Fifteenth Amendment (1870): The 15th Amendment aimed to ensure African Americans' right to vote. It prohibited federal and state governments from depriving citizens the right to vote based on race, color, or previous servitude.
5. Civil Rights Act of 1964: This landmark legislation marked a significant turning point in combating discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It prohibited various forms of discrimination, particularly in employment and public accommodations.
6. Voting Rights Act of 1965: This act aimed to eliminate racial disparities in voter access and participation. It contained measures to protect African American voters from discrimination in voting, such as literacy tests and poll taxes that disproportionately affected them.
These major legislative achievements, coupled with ongoing advocacy and struggles for civil rights, have played a crucial role in establishing legal and policy frameworks to combat discrimination against African Americans in the United States. However, discrimination and racial disparities continue to exist, leading to ongoing efforts for equality and social justice.