* States: 23 states, including California, Oregon, and Nevada, as well as the border states of Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri
* Population: 22 million
* Economy: Industrialized, with a strong manufacturing base
* Military: Well-organized and well-equipped, with a total of 2.1 million soldiers
* Leadership: President Abraham Lincoln
The Confederacy (South)
* States: 11 states, including Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia
* Population: 9 million
* Economy: Agricultural, with a reliance on slavery
* Military: Less organized and less well-equipped than the Union, with a total of 1.5 million soldiers
* Leadership: President Jefferson Davis