- Dissent and Opposition: Not everyone in the North supported the war, and there were pockets of dissent and opposition. This was particularly true in border states, where many residents had mixed loyalties, and in regions that were heavily reliant on the slave trade.
- Copperhead Movement: The Copperhead movement was a group of anti-war Democrats who opposed the war effort and sought to negotiate a peace settlement with the Confederacy. They criticized President Abraham Lincoln's policies, such as the Emancipation Proclamation, and were often critical of the way the war was being conducted.
- Draft Riots: The Civil War draft imposed mandatory military service on men of certain age groups, leading to widespread resistance and resentment. The most notable episode was the Draft Riots of July 1863 in New York City, which lasted several days and involved violence, looting, and arson.
- Labor Strikes and Unrest: The war disrupted the economy and led to increased demand for labor, leading to labor strikes and unrest. Workers demanded higher wages and better working conditions, and strikes occurred in various industries, such as the coal mines and textile factories.
- Shortages and Inflation: The war also caused shortages of various goods and commodities, leading to inflation and rising prices. This burdened families and increased the cost of living, putting pressure on the home front.
- Sanitary Conditions and Healthcare: The war brought immense challenges in terms of sanitation and healthcare. Large numbers of soldiers were crowded in camps and hospitals, which often lacked proper sanitation, leading to outbreaks of diseases. The lack of adequate medical supplies and personnel further exacerbated the situation.
- Treatment of African Americans: Despite the emancipation of enslaved people in the Confederacy, African Americans continued to face discrimination and racism on the Union home front. They were often denied access to public facilities and services, and were subjected to violence and prejudice.
- Disruptions to trade: The war also caused significant disruption to trade, especially with the Southern states. This impacted businesses, economies, and people's livelihoods, making it challenging for the Union home front to maintain economic stability and prosperity.
- Political divisions: the war intensified existing political divisions within the Union, particularly over issues such as slavery, states' rights, and the powers of the federal government. These divisions sometimes threatened to undermine the unity and cohesiveness of the Union home front.
These issues and challenges tested the resilience and cohesion of the Union home front and required significant efforts to overcome them and maintain support and morale throughout the war.