1. Legal Restrictions: While Northern states did not have the same slave laws as the South, they still had several legal restrictions that limited the rights and opportunities of free blacks. For example, many Northern states had laws that prohibited interracial marriage, prevented blacks from voting, owning property, or testifying in court.
2. Segregation: Free blacks were often segregated from white society. They were frequently denied access to certain public places like hotels, restaurants, theaters, and public transportation. Segregation was also practiced in schools, churches, and other social institutions.
3. Discrimination: Free blacks encountered discrimination in various aspects of life. They were often denied jobs, housing, and education opportunities. Even if they were qualified for a job or admission to a school, they might be turned away because of their race.
4. Violence: Free blacks were sometimes subjected to violence and mob attacks. They could be beaten, lynched, or even killed for various reasons, including trying to exercise their rights, speaking out against racism, or simply being in a white neighborhood.
5. Exclusion: Free blacks were excluded from many social and political activities. They were not allowed to participate in certain clubs, organizations, or political parties. This exclusion limited their ability to influence society and advocate for their rights.
6. Limited Opportunities: Despite some efforts to provide education and support to free blacks, their opportunities were still limited compared to white Americans. Many free blacks struggled to find decent employment, acquire property, or build wealth due to the discriminatory practices and barriers they faced.
It's important to note that the experiences of free blacks varied depending on the specific state and local community. Some Northern states had more liberal policies and were more welcoming to free blacks than others. However, overall, free blacks faced many obstacles and limitations due to the pervasive racism and discrimination of the time.