- Lack of representation and political rights for native inhabitants under colonial rule.
- Desire for self-determination and independence from foreign control.
- Nationalist sentiments fueled by the spread of liberal and democratic ideas.
Cultural:
- Revival of traditional cultures, languages, and heritage in response to cultural assimilation policies by colonial powers.
- Pride in one's heritage and a sense of collective identity.
Economic:
- Exploitation of resources and unfair economic policies by colonial powers, leading to poverty and inequality among the native population.
- Desire for control over natural resources and economic opportunities.
Social:
- Discrimination and social injustice faced by native populations under colonial rule.
- Segregation, inequalities in education, healthcare, and job opportunities based on race, ethnicity, and religion.
Historical:
- Past experiences of imperial or foreign rule, and the desire to regain control over one's territory.
- Inspiration from successful national movements in other parts of the world.
Leadership:
- Emergence of charismatic leaders who were able to mobilize and unify diverse groups within a nation.
- Leaders who articulated the hopes, grievances, and aspirations of their people.
These factors intersected to fuel national movements in different parts of the world, ultimately leading to the independence and sovereignty of many nations during the 19th and 20th centuries.