Political Instability:
- Pakistan faced a period of political turmoil and instability in the years leading up to 1958. There was a rapid turnover of governments, with five prime ministers serving in quick succession.
- The Constituent Assembly, tasked with drafting a constitution, had failed to reach a consensus, further deepening political divisions.
- Political parties were fragmented, and there was widespread corruption and nepotism within the government.
Economic Challenges:
- Pakistan's economy was struggling during this time, with high inflation, rising unemployment, and a significant trade deficit.
- The country was heavily reliant on foreign aid and loans, making it vulnerable to external pressures.
- The economic situation led to growing public dissatisfaction and unrest, particularly among the urban population.
Weakness of Civilian Institutions:
- Civilian institutions in Pakistan, including the judiciary, parliament, and political parties, were weak and lacked the capacity to effectively address the country's challenges.
- The frequent changes in government and the absence of a strong opposition weakened democratic processes.
- The military, on the other hand, was seen as a well-organized and disciplined institution, leading some to believe it could provide stability and order during a period of crisis.
Role of President Iskandar Mirza:
- President Iskandar Mirza played a significant role in the imposition of martial law. He had previously dismissed Prime Minister Feroze Khan Noon's government in 1958, citing the political instability as a justification.
- Mirza was concerned about the growing power of leftist and socialist movements in Pakistan and worried that the country was drifting towards communism.
- He believed that martial law was necessary to restore order, prevent further political chaos, and safeguard Pakistan from external threats.
Support from the Military:
- The Pakistani military, led by General Ayub Khan, was willing to intervene in politics to address the country's problems.
- Ayub Khan and other military leaders believed that the civilian government had failed and that the military could provide a more efficient and effective form of governance.
In conclusion, the causes of martial law in Pakistan in 1958 were multifaceted, involving political instability, economic challenges, weak civilian institutions, the role of President Iskandar Mirza, and the support of the military. These factors combined to create a situation where martial law was seen as a necessary measure to restore order and stability in the country.