Here are the parties involved:
1. United States:
- American pilots, aircrew members, and other military personnel who were shot down or captured during the Vietnam War.
2. North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam):
- Responsible for the establishment, management, and operation of the Hanoi Hilton prison camp.
- The North Vietnamese military (People's Army of Vietnam) and prison guards were directly involved in the imprisonment and treatment of POWs.
3. Allied Countries:
- In addition to American POWs, the Hanoi Hilton also held prisoners of war from other countries allied with the United States during the Vietnam War, including countries like Australia, Thailand, and the Philippines.
4. International Organizations and Governments:
- There were international efforts and diplomatic negotiations involving various countries and organizations, including the United States, North Vietnam, and neutral nations, to address the conditions of POWs and work toward their release.