Currently, in Japan, long-term care insurance system That said, certified people are now able to receive benefits so that people in need of care can maintain their dignity and receive the medical and welfare services they need to lead an independent daily life.
During the Edo period, the monarch and his vassals occupied the land and governed the people of the land, feudal system . So, the rulers are wielding only power and afflicting the farmers The image is.
Mandatory of Cheng-Zhu
For such people, public assistance, mutual aid, self-help Sansuke's spirit I don't think there are any fragments, but the ruler at that time [ samurai ] We are all Confucian followers was. This Confucianism has been a state religion scholarship that Ieyasu Tokugawa has obliged all samurai from the beginning of the shogunate.
Among Confucianism, the Shogunate Cheng-Zhu School is recommended It was done.
In Cheng-Zhu, [ you, you guys, vassals, vassals ], And the master has no virtue. Even if you don't do your prince's path, your vassal must be loyal as his vassal. It was said.
During the Warring States period [ Kimi, if you're a vassal, no vassal ], If you don't behave like a lord without virtue, your vassals don't have to be loyal Gekokujo's Thought Was no longer valid in the Edo period.
At the same time, as a ruler of a peaceful era, the samurai [ Jinsei * ] Was requested.
* Jinsei =Doing politics to the people by imitating virtue
Three major reforms in the Edo period
Tokugawa Shogunate 260 years, three high economic growth periods , Three economic crises I was hit by.
The high-growth period is Genroku, Meiwa / Anei, Cultural / Bunsei period So, the economic crisis is Kyoho, Kansei, Tenpo It was a time of reform. During this recession, a large-scale national administrative reform was carried out.
The first reform was carried out by Shogun Yoshimune [ Kyoho Reform . ] Then, Matsudaira Sadanobu's [ Kansei Reforms ] Finally, Tadakuni Mizuno's [ Tenpo Reforms , which is the reform of the Tenpo period near the end of the Edo period. 】was.
Of these reforms, the Kansei and Tenpo reforms were based on the Kyoho reforms carried out by Yoshimune. Yoshimune's [ Kyoho Reform ], There were two axes.
- Physiocracy
- Mercantilism
However, Yoshimune is [ US Shogun ], As it was called, [ rice price ] I thought that it would be possible to control other prices by stabilizing it. Based on this Yoshimune policy, Matsudaira Sadanobu focused on Physiocracy and reformed Kansei, and it was Tanuma Okitsugu's policy to promote high growth centered on mercantilism.
Enactment of Respect for the Aged Day
Yoshimune Tokugawa set up a guide box and made good use of good things in his policy by writing letters to the editor.
One of the letters to the editor is [ Establishment of Koishikawa Yojosho ] There was something called. This is in Edo City, in consideration of the time when an unaffiliated elderly person becomes ill, a public welfare facility is created to accommodate the elderly It was a thing that was done.
In modern times, something like an elderly housing with care is a machi-bugyō in Edo, Ooka Echizen Mamoru . Installed at the forefront. This policy has been inherited even after the Meiji Restoration, and as the current independent administrative agency, Tokyo Health and Longevity Medical Center, we are promoting health promotion, disease treatment, and prevention for the elderly.
Matsudaira Sadanobu, the grandson of Yoshimune, had a strong faith in Confucianism and always aspired to be a Confucian.
Matsudaira Sadanobu was the first in Japan to succeed in his own Shirakawa domain as the head of the [Respect for the Aged Day] and [Creation of a public park] local government (clan).
The setting for Respect for the Aged Day is " Old man over 70 " at his own base, Shirakawa Castle. It was a day to gather and listen to the opinions of the elders while having a dinner. The gathering is [ Shotokai ], Named [ Naoto ] Means [ respect the elderly ] It seems to mean.
Each person has his or her own personality and personality, and likewise, each country has its own history and way of being. It seems that Sadanobu thought that the elderly are the ones who know it best, and that they know how to deal with it from past experiences in an emergency.
It seems that the elderly were impressed by the humble offer to listen to their valuable experiences and provided their thoughts and opinions for a better domain reform.
We also created Japan's first public park called Nanko Park, which served as a recreational area for castle town citizens, an irrigation pond, and relief for the unemployed.
Edo long-term care insurance system
In the era of Matsudaira Sadanobu, his grandfather Yoshimune was doing [ Koishikawa Yojosho during the Kansei Reforms that he took office as an old man. ] Expansion I tried. However, the shogunate's finances were so tight that he had to reform himself. Therefore, Sadanobu called on the towns of Edo [ I want you to save the town membership fee and use 70% of the savings for the operating expenses of Koishikawa Yojosho . ] I asked.
[ National rights and obligations ] This was claimed by Yoshimune.
Yoshimune has always questioned that all fire fighting organizations in the town of Edo are under the jurisdiction of the samurai. [ Do the townspeople themselves not protect their own lives and property? ] It seems that I was thinking.
As a result, he ordered Ooka Echizen Mamoru to 48 groups of civil fire fighting organizations . It will lead to the birth of.
That tradition continues to this day.
Yoshimune's national rights and obligations Matsudaira Sadanobu also followed the idea of.
That said, will the citizens agree with the new burden just because the shogunate is in financial difficulty? However, the townspeople of Edo agreed with the whole town council.
As a result, despite the financial difficulties of the Shogunate, the town council sent money to set up and operate the Koishikawa Yojosho. With this fund, the detained old people were taken care of and cared for.
In addition, Sadanobu has expanded this fund to food and household goods storage for citizens in the event of a disaster . I made. At the time of the Tenpo Reforms, Kinshiro Toyama (Kin-san of Toyama), the manager of the vault at that time, confirmed that the stockpile was enough to eat for about a year of the total population of Edo.
Criminal rehabilitation facility [Human foothold]
Sadanobu is a human foothold so that he can pave the way for self-rehabilitation when he reintegrates into society by accommodating misconduct and misconduct on the island of Edo Bay. I made a facility called.
At the same time as teaching various vocational techniques, this facility was sold to the city as an experimental work, and a part of the sales was handed over when the person was released. The rest was devoted to the operation of the human foothold.
As mentioned above, from the Edo period, it can be seen that prison-like facilities and operations existed from something like the long-term care insurance system.
In other words, the aforementioned [ public assistance / mutual aid / self-help ] Sansuke method was developed. The basis for this was Cheng-Zhu's [ Hitomasa . ] Was the teaching.
However, Matsudaira Sadanobu is a Regnal name case I will lose my leg.
After retiring from Rōjū, he returned to Shirakawa and devoted himself to the domain reforms based on his experience of Kansei Reforms. The Shirakawa clan was located in a mountainous area and had low actual income and had chronic financial difficulties, but the clan's finances were rebuilt by recommending horse production.
He also contributed to civil affairs and came to be called a great prince by the clan people.
Matsudaira Sadanobu's Kansei Reforms are written in this article, so please refer to them if you like.