Whenever you study history, you will always see manor . is.
Speaking of manors, farmers were forced to grow rice in private fields owned by aristocrats and temples. I had a vague image of that. But who and how did they rule? Or, I'm not sure how it will connect with the guardian Jito of the Kamakura period.
Therefore, I would like to write in order from the land situation of the Asuka period.
Land conditions during the Asuka period
Owner of the land until the mansion is built ⇒ Imperial Court (Country / Emperor)
This is a major premise.
(At the time of the Yamato administration earlier, each of the powerful tribes was in control, but during the Asuka period, the administrator was changed to the imperial court in order to centralize and stabilize the administration.)
Of course, farmers also have no food, so they cultivate the land and do farm work. So, from the imperial court, the owner of the land, " borrow land I was doing farm work in the form of. Kuchibunda about this land Is called. Kuchibunda Was given once every six years to individuals over the age of six (general boys 24 ares, girls 2/3).
Of course, it's not free. The land is rented out to individuals and must be returned if they die, and tax I had to pay a tax called (rice). The tax rate is about 3% of the rice produced ( Zu Yong Diao in addition to rice) (Special products such as cloth) and Miscellaneous (Civil engineering work, etc.), I was also required to serve in the military).
Regarding the handling of these lands (rice fields), Kumada Receiving Method It is stipulated by something like the law, Taiho Code It was a system that formed the basis of.
The situation in East Asia
Now, let's take a look at the situation in East Asia.
Actually, around this time, Sui in mainland China And Tang A country with centralized power was created.
Until then, various countries had occurred on the continent for about 300 years, and the countries were fighting each other, so the impact on Japan was small. There was also confusion on the Korean Peninsula. Suddenly a country with great power was created. So, Japanese diplomacy is " learning advanced techniques from Sui and Tang . It will start to move in the direction of changing the policy.
Another thing I would like you to remember is that in the days of Prince Shotoku, " Tenshi of the Hidden place, Tenshi of the place where the calligraphy is lost These are the words. There is one case that clearly shows that "I will learn techniques and knowledge, but I will deal with them on an equal footing."
Goguryeo had the power on the Korean Peninsula around this time . "Japan may connect with Goguryeo," flickering It seems that he brought a book. It can be said that this is a sign that Sui's military power is wary (it is natural because it is such a big country).
That's why you need to learn techniques, systems, etc. and at the same time prepare for military . (Of course, there is also the aspect of preparing for areas that are not under the rule, such as Kyushu and Tohoku).
Kumada Receiving Method
Agricultural work in "paddy fields" that was carried out in Japan requires labor as well as high yields. You can't get a harvest while fluttering. In short, we were able to bind people to the land for farm work.
In other words ...
Can be tied to land =Secure a labor force other than agriculture
Was done at the same time.
According to records, hydraulic work had already been carried out in 323 (the Kofun period), but because there were more wetlands and more frequent floods than now, civil engineering work has been carried out even in the Asuka period. Very important to rule was.
Kuchibunda By tying the labor force to the land, it has become possible to gather immediately when civil engineering work requires manpower or when soldiers suddenly need it. From the perspective of the country, it looks like a system of two birds with one stone.
However, it was difficult for the payer. The bottleneck is not only to pay things but also to provide labor. Miscellaneous tax while doing Is not exempt, tax It was a very tough system, such as moving to pay for food and bringing food necessary for traveling in military service.
In particular, there is a tax levied only on men, so the ratio of men and women is terrible in the family register at that time. Besides, the miscellaneous things are Kokushi It was the authority of (an administrative officer dispatched from the center of the local administration), but it was a private miscellaneous Kokushi It seems that there was also.
That's why it was no wonder that many people fled. The Kumada collection method that lasted for a long time from the Asuka period to the first half of the Heian period. However, this system alone will no longer be possible.
Land system after the Kumada collection method
Ritsuryo system in the Asuka period From the introduction to the first half of the Heian period, Kumada collection method It is certain that it has worked as it should, but it has gradually become unsuccessful due to the increase in the number of people running away.
If you look at the life of the farmers at that time, you can imagine the course in which the method of collecting the swords is gradually no longer valid, so let's take a look.
Farmers are Norita in addition to Kuchibunda. You can cultivate the surplus rice fields in the rice fields called "Kumita" or rent the land of temples and shrines and aristocrats to pay the rice in return ( wages ). ), It seems that he lived a harsh life such as tax burden such as tax, tone, diao, military service, miscellaneous affairs, and luck.
Why Kuchibunda Was it necessary to cultivate land other than ...
In the first place, the target of paddy field development in ancient times was a place where spring water could be used ... For example, it seems that valleys were relatively suitable, but like the tendency since the Yayoi period, Taiho Code Population will increase even after enactment (Refer to the figure below).
Source:Catalog ▽ From the ultra-long-term transition of the population (from the Jomon period to 2100)
(↑ It seems that the spread of iron farm tools and advances in craftsmanship are also considered to be one of the causes of population growth)
Of course, not everyone will be given the right land for the rice fields, and they may be assigned rice fields far away from their homes. It is possible that if there were aristocrats nearby, it would have been possible to work with less burden if the land was rented and cultivated.
The tax is set at "about 3% of the rice produced", so even if the amount of rice produced by Kuchibunda is small, it would have been better if Norita could secure enough rice to eat. ..
If you still feel the burden is heavy, the last resort " escape " I will run to. Of course, it wasn't just because I didn't want to pay the rice to escape.
Fujiwarakyo from the latter half of the 7th century to the 8th century And Heijokyo , Naniwakyo proceeded almost at the same time (Osaka City) and Kunikyo It seems that the construction of cities such as (Kamo Town, Kyoto Prefecture) has spurred people to escape. It is believed that many of the fugitives would have been vagrant because if they were caught, they would be sent back to the scene or punished (see:Japanese History, Asuka / Nara Period "Ritsuryo Nation and Manyobito").
The Third Generation Law and the Konden Einen Shizai Law
Eventually, the population of the capital increased and it became indispensable to increase tax revenues in rural areas. So, 723 in the Nara period , Third-generation one-body method In the case of clearing the undeveloped land, we will re-create a new law that allows the possession for three generations, and in the case of clearing using the old irrigation facility, the possession for one generation only.
However, it took a lot of labor to clear the undeveloped land, so the effect in the private sector was small.
So 743 , New Konden Einen Shizai Law Was decided. This is a law in which the cleared land is permanently owned by the cleared land, and has a great effect temporarily.
At the same time, expand private land of temples, aristocrats, and local lords (This law allows for area restrictions by rank, so it seems that it worked in favor of temples and aristocrats).
And those who abandoned Kuchibunda contributed to the expansion of private land. is. Through them, we were able to carry out large-scale clearing and expand our private land. This is early manor Is called.
The initial villa is Shoki-shōen It is also called, but at this point it has not yet escaped from the decree system, tax I had to pay (tax). After this, more manor Will change.