1. Changing demand: Shifts in demand for exotic products such as silk from China and spices from India influenced trade routes.
When prices rose in one area due to increased demand, traders sought alternative sources in the East.
2. Political and economic changes: Political instability, wars, and shifting power dynamics also played a role.
For instance, the rise of the Portuguese in the 16th century led to the establishment of trade routes between Europe and East Africa, bypassing the traditional trans-Saharan routes.
3. Natural disasters: Environmental factors, such as droughts, could impact agricultural production and disrupt traditional trade routes.
Traders would then explore new routes to maintain trade.
4. Technological advancements: The development of navigation technologies and ship design allowed for longer voyages and more efficient transportation.
This made oceanic routes to the East more feasible.
5. Exploration: The spirit of exploration and the search for new lands further contributed to the shift eastward.
Portuguese explorers like Vasco da Gama and Bartholomeu Dias ventured into the Indian Ocean, opening new trade routes to Asia.
6. Mineral Resources: The discovery of valuable mineral resources such gold, copper, and silver in east Africa attracted traders and merchants from different parts of the world, leading to the development of new trade routes in those directions.
It's important to note that the shift eastward was not a one-time event, but rather a gradual process influenced by various economic, political, and environmental factors.