2. Climate: The climate of Africa is also challenging for Europeans. The heat and humidity can be oppressive, and the rainy season can make travel difficult. Explorers also had to contend with extreme weather conditions, such as tornadoes and sandstorms.
3. Terrain: The terrain of Africa is varied and can be difficult to traverse. Deserts, mountains, and dense forests all presented challenges to explorers. They also had to be careful of wild animals, such as lions, elephants, and rhinos.