* Octavian: Octavian was Antony's rival in the Roman civil war, but he initially tried to maintain good relations with Cleopatra. He offered to spare her if she would betray Antony, but she refused.
* Various Egyptian factions: Cleopatra was supported by various factions in Egypt, including the military and the priesthood.
* Some Roman senators: Some Roman senators supported Cleopatra because they saw her as a potential ally against Octavian.