Colonial Rule: Nigeria, like many African nations, was under British colonial rule since the late 18th century. British colonial policies favored the interests of the colonizers, leading to economic exploitation, political oppression, and social injustice. Nigerians increasingly felt a need for self-governance and the ability to determine their own destiny.
National Identity: The diverse ethnic and cultural groups in Nigeria shared a common identity as Nigerians and wanted to establish a unified nation where all citizens would have equal rights and opportunities. This sense of nationalism fostered a desire to control their country's political, economic, and cultural affairs.
Political Activism: The early 20th century saw the emergence of political and intellectual leaders who advocated for Nigeria's independence. Individuals such as Herbert Macaulay, Nnamdi Azikiwe, and Obafemi Awolowo played pivotal roles in mobilizing support for independence movements and creating awareness about the injustices of colonial rule.
Socio-economic Disparities: The economic policies implemented by the British favored certain regions and ethnic groups, leading to socio-economic disparities and resentment among the Nigerian population. This disparity in opportunities and wealth contributed to the desire for control over the nation's resources and economic development.
Growing Global Decolonization Movement: The period after World War II saw many African and Asian nations successfully gaining independence from their colonial rulers. The success of these movements inspired and influenced the Nigerian nationalist movements to pursue their own quest for independence.
International Support: The international community, including the United Nations, began to pressure colonial powers to grant independence to their colonies. Nigeria received support from other African countries, as well as from countries like India, which had recently achieved independence.
The culmination of these factors led Nigeria to gain its independence on October 1, 1960, after successful negotiations with the British government.