Positive Impacts:
1. Strong and Centralized Monarchy: William's conquest led to the establishment of a strong and centralized monarchy in England. He consolidated power and effectively curbed the power of regional lords, bringing greater control and order to the realm.
2. Introduction of Feudalism: William introduced the feudal system, which, while complex, brought stability to land ownership and governance. Feudalism helped establish a hierarchy and responsibilities among the nobles and ensured a well-organized military force.
3. Domesday Book: William commissioned the compilation of the Domesday Book, a detailed record of landownership and resources across England. It served as a comprehensive administrative tool and remains an invaluable resource for historians today.
4. Influence of Norman Culture: The Norman Conquest introduced new cultural influences to England, including architecture, language (French became the language of the upper classes), art, literature, and innovations in military tactics and governance.
5. Increased Royal Authority: William's reign marked a significant increase in the power of the monarchy. He established a more efficient and centralized government system and reduced the influence of the Anglo-Saxon earls.
Negative Impacts:
1. Dispossession and Rebellion: William's conquest resulted in the dispossession of many Anglo-Saxon landowners and nobles. There were numerous rebellions and uprisings against Norman rule, leading to violence, displacement, and loss of life.
2. Harsh Rule: William's reign was marked by a harsh and oppressive administration. He imposed heavy taxes, suppressed Anglo-Saxon customs, and enacted ruthless policies, such as the "Harrying of the North."
3. Language Divide: The Norman conquest created a linguistic divide in England. French became the language of the ruling elite, while the common people continued to speak Old English. This division persisted for several centuries.
4. Feudal Oppression: The feudal system, while establishing order, also led to the oppression of peasants and serfs. They faced harsh conditions and were bound to their lords with limited freedom.
5. Loss of Anglo-Saxon Identity: The Norman Conquest led to a decline in Anglo-Saxon culture, language, and traditions. The Anglo-Saxon aristocracy was largely replaced by the Norman elite, resulting in a loss of indigenous identity.
In summary, William's accession to the throne had both positive and negative consequences. It brought about significant changes in governance, culture, and society, shaping the future course of English history.