431 - Theodosius II and Valentinian III become Roman Emperors.
1307 - Edward I defeats Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Glen Trool in Scotland.
1456 - The Battle of Bannockburn: King Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England.
1520 - Martin Luther is excommunicated from the Catholic Church.
1698 - The Treaty of Ryswick ends the War of the Grand Alliance.
1770 - Captain James Cook discovers the Great Barrier Reef.
1807 - The Treaty of Tilsit ends the War of the Fourth Coalition.
1865 - The American Civil War ends.
1898 - The United States annexes Hawaii.
1911 - The Tour de France is held for the first time.
1918 - The RMS Carpathia is torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat, killing 562 passengers and crew.
1937 - The Marco Polo Bridge Incident marks the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
1941 - The United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union agree to form an alliance against the Axis powers.
1946 - The United States tests its first atomic bomb at the Trinity test site in New Mexico.
1954 - The Geneva Conference partitions Vietnam into two countries, North Vietnam and South Vietnam.
1960 - The United States grants independence to the Philippines.
1977 - The Concorde, a supersonic airliner, makes its first commercial flight between Paris and Rio de Janeiro.
1985 - Live Aid, a global music event, is held to raise funds for famine relief in Africa.
1995 - The Srebrenica massacre begins in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
2005 - The London bombings kill 52 people and injure over 700.
2016 - The United Kingdom votes to leave the European Union.
2018 - The #MeToo movement gains momentum as hundreds of women continue to come forward with allegations of sexual assault and harassment against powerful men.