The first silver pennies were introduced in 775 during the reign of Offa of Mercia. They began to be minted nationwide under other monarchs, such as Athelstan, who reformed coinage in the 930s. Edward I is credited with introducing the short cross penny, which saw considerable use, along with the less prevalent long cross penny, until 1247 when the silver penny became round and bore a portrait of the king.
There were various debasements of the silver pennies, especially in periods of economic strife, such as William III's recoinage in 1696, which was spurred by counterfeit coins. Despite these challenges, silver pennies remained in circulation for almost a millennium, until being replaced by the copper penny in 1797.