2. Controversial Relationship with Deaf Smith: Houston's appointment ofDeaf Smith as his envoy to negotiate with Santa Anna after the battle raised eyebrows. Smith was considered an untrustworthy individual, leading to criticism of Houston's judgment and causing political divisions.
3. Political Infighting: Houston faced constant political challenges from his opponents. His policies and decisions frequently sparked conflicts with political rivals and factions, leading to intense political infighting and challenges to his leadership.
4. Conflicts with Native American Tribes: Houston's interactions with Native American tribes during his first and second terms as president of the Republic of Texas were often strained. Some tribes resisted his efforts to establish a centralized government, leading to tensions and conflicts.
5. Economic Mismanagement: Houston's administration faced significant financial challenges, often due to his unorthodox financial policies. His opponents criticized him for economic mismanagement, particularly his handling of the state's finances and issuance of treasury notes that depreciated in value.
6. Controversy over African Americans: Houston's position on African Americans was complex. While he freed his slaves and opposed extending slavery into Texas, he also advocated for the relocation of freed slaves to Africa or Mexico. This stance drew criticism from both abolitionists and those who supported the expansion of slavery.
7. Impeachment Attempt: In 1842, Houston faced an impeachment attempt by the House of Representatives. He was accused of various transgressions, including unauthorized military actions, abuse of power, and violation of constitutional provisions. Although the impeachment motion was ultimately defeated, it highlighted the opposition he faced from within the government.
8. Annexation and Expansion: Houston played a significant role in Texas's annexation by the United States. However, he also had concerns about the potential consequences of annexation, such as the Mexican-American War and the spread of slavery. His reservations about the annexation process caused disagreements with political allies.