Here's how wolfpack tactics worked:
1. Detection: U-boats would scout for Allied convoys using various means, such as radio intercepts, aerial reconnaissance, and reports from weather stations.
2. Communication: Once a convoy was located, the U-boat commander would relay its position and other relevant information to other U-boats in the area using encrypted radio messages.
3. Formation: The U-boats would then form a coordinated attack formation, typically in a line abreast or staggered formation. This allowed them to cover a wider area and improve their chances of intercepting the convoy.
4. Attack: The U-boats would then launch their torpedo attacks on the convoy, aiming to sink as many merchant ships as possible. They would typically target the lead or straggling ships, as they were more vulnerable.
5. Maneuvers: The U-boats would use evasive maneuvers to avoid detection by the convoy's escorts, such as destroyers and corvettes. They would often dive below the surface or use smoke screens to conceal themselves.
6. Coordination: The U-boat commanders would maintain communication throughout the attack, coordinating their movements and sharing information about the convoy's position and defenses.
7. Withdrawal: Once the attack was complete, the U-boats would withdraw from the area and disperse to avoid detection.
Wolfpack tactics proved to be highly effective in the early stages of the war, when the Allies were unprepared for this coordinated approach. However, as the war progressed, the Allies developed improved anti-submarine tactics and technologies, such as radar, sonar, and long-range aircraft patrols, which made wolfpack attacks more difficult to execute successfully.