1. Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD): Developed by Robert McNamara, Secretary of Defense under the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, MAD was a military strategy focused on deterring attacks by ensuring devastating retaliation. The key idea was that both the United States and its adversaries possessed nuclear weapons and the certainty that a nuclear exchange would result in mutually assured destruction, thus dissuading any party from initiating a nuclear conflict. The objective of MAD was to maintain strategic stability and prevent all-out nuclear war through the concept of credible deterrence, ensuring that no nation would initiate a nuclear attack due to the fear of its own destruction.