1. Testimony and Confession: Accusations could be made based on the testimony of individuals who claimed to have witnessed someone engaging in witchcraft or making a pact with the devil. Confessions extracted under torture or other forms of coercion were also considered valid evidence.
2. Physical Examination: Examiners would search the accused for physical marks, such as "witches' marks" or deformities, that were believed to indicate a connection to witchcraft. These marks could include moles, birthmarks, or any unusual skin blemishes.
3. Water Ordeal: The accused might be subjected to a water ordeal, where they were thrown into a body of water. If they sank, they were considered innocent. However, if they floated, it was seen as evidence of witchcraft since witches were believed to be unable to drown due to their connection with the devil.
4. Trial by Fire: In some cases, the accused might be forced to walk barefoot over hot coals or grasp a hot iron bar. If their feet or hands remained unharmed, they were considered innocent. However, any signs of burns or blisters were taken as proof of guilt.
5. Swimming Test: The swimming test involved tying the accused's hands and feet and throwing them into a body of water. If they sank, they were considered innocent. If they floated, they were deemed to be witches.
6. Animal Transformations: Accused witches were sometimes believed to have the power to transform into animals, such as cats, dogs, or wolves. If someone witnessed an animal acting strangely or causing harm, they might suspect the involvement of witchcraft.
7. Divination and Clairvoyance: Individuals practicing divination, fortune-telling, or claiming to possess clairvoyant abilities could be accused of witchcraft, especially if their predictions or insights caused fear or suspicion within the community.
8. Unusual Behavior and Eccentricity: People who displayed unusual or unconventional behavior, such as living alone, avoiding social interaction, or having a solitary lifestyle, might be seen as potential witches.
9. Rumors and Superstitions: Accusations could also stem from rumors and local superstitions. If a person was disliked or had conflicts with others in the community, they might become the target of witchcraft allegations.
It's important to note that these methods were based on superstition and fear rather than scientific evidence. The standards of evidence for witchcraft accusations varied across different cultures, time periods, and legal systems.