The introduction of new machinery, such as the McKay sewing machine and the Goodyear welt stitcher, revolutionized shoemaking. These machines greatly increased the speed and efficiency of shoe production, allowing manufacturers to mass-produce shoes on a large scale.
2. Division of Labor:
As shoe factories became larger and more mechanized, the division of labor became increasingly specialized. Different workers were assigned specific tasks, such as cutting leather, stitching uppers, and attaching soles, which further increased productivity and efficiency.
3. Use of New Materials:
The Gilded Age saw the introduction of new materials for shoemaking, including rubber and synthetic materials. Rubber was used for outsoles, heels, and other components, providing greater durability and comfort. Synthetic materials, such as celluloid and leather substitutes, were also introduced, offering new options for shoe design and affordability.
4. Mass-Market Distribution:
The expansion of railroads and the growth of department stores facilitated the mass-market distribution of shoes. This allowed manufacturers to reach a wider customer base and increased the availability of shoes for people of all socioeconomic levels.
5. Branding and Advertising:
Shoe manufacturers began to invest in branding and advertising to differentiate their products and attract customers. Advertising campaigns often featured celebrity endorsements, fashion-forward designs, and promises of comfort and durability.