New York, the night of Friday 27th to Saturday 28th June 1969. It was 1:20 a.m. when a team of eight police officers, four in plainclothes, two in plainclothes and two in charge, Charles Smith and Inspector Seymour Pine , walked into the "Stonewall Inn," a gay bar in Manhattan's Greenwich Village . The eight had been alerted by four other colleagues, two men and two women, who had gone to the bar earlier (in plainclothes) to reconnoitre the area and then call for backup. But what was the reason for the "invasion"? Quite simply, the law enacted in the 1930s by the state of New York that made it illegal for any gathering of homosexuals in bars, restaurants or cabarets.
The events that followed that night inside and outside the Stonewall Inn, but also over the next five days in the greater Christopher Street neighborhood, greatly defined the gay liberation movement and the rights of the LGBT community, not only in the US , but in all Western societies. But let's take things in order, starting with how the social context of "treatment" of homosexuals was shaped in the United States in the 60s. We have to go back quite far, to the end of the 19th century, when around 1890, New York was already the hotbed of a highly visible homosexual culture.
THE EMERGENCE OF THE GAY COMMUNITY IN NEW YORK
She stood out through her special character and now officially "mixed" in heterosexual circles, such as the saloons of the Bowery, the entertainment centers of Harlem or the bohemian cafes ofGreenwich Village , all of them, Manhattan neighborhoods. A "culture" cut off from the rest of the city, yet thriving and "alive" on its own "fringe", before it even realized it was a whole "community". All this changed in the 1930s with the Great Depression, bringing to the fore the "reexamination" of homosexuals both by society itself and by state governments, with a direct effect on the law we referred to in the first paragraph.
In the following decades, things became even more difficult for homosexuals, since with the beginning of the Cold War and the emergence of McCarthyism in the USA, apart from communists and blacks, the entire LGBT community was "blacklisted". The legal system was against gay Americans, despite the fact that most homosexual groups tried to convince themselves that there was no reason for conflict between them and heterosexuals and that peaceful coexistence, which was the goal, could easily be achieved, as long as it was understood by everyone that gays are different, but not inferior.
The 60s marked the intense politicization of American youth, with movements such as those of radical feminism, black questioning or protest against the Vietnam War. Homosexuals were accepted in all these "rebellious" currents, with a direct consequence of strengthening the awareness of their identity within a social environment that was able to listen to their difference and treat them as equal members. This, naturally, gave confidence to the members of the community, greatly preparing for what was to come at the "Stonewall Inn". The first - timid - steps, however, had already started since the 50s.
THE MATTACHINE SOCIETY AND THE FIRST STEPS OF SELF-ORGANIZATION
The Mattachine Society, the first pan-American gay rights organization, founded in 1950 in Los Angeles, but also the Daughters of Bilitis, the first corresponding "civil and civil rights" organization of the lesbian movement, founded in 1955 in In San Francisco, they fought their own battle to enforce a respectable public image of homosexuals. But the 60s proved to be much more suitable for targeted movements in the center of the public scene. For example, in 1967, Craig Rodwell, vice president of the Mattachine Society, opened in Manhattan, despite violent backlash and threats from heterosexuals, the Oscar Wilde Memorial Bookstore, the first bookstore aimed at a gay audience.
In the same year, the Columbia Student Homophile League, the world's oldest student organization for gay rights, which had been founded a year earlier, was officially recognized by Columbia University in New York. In 1968, its representatives invaded a seminar of prominent psychiatrists, demanding an end to the discriminatory attitude against homosexuals by the medical establishment. And this, because since 1952, the American Psychiatric Association (American Psychiatric Association) had classified homosexuality among mental disorders (something that was reversed only in 1974). Another example is that at that time, in San Francisco, there was already a gay community.
THE ATTITUDE OF THE POLICE TOWARDS GAY BARS
We have already referred to the law that prohibited any gathering of homosexuals in bars, restaurants or cabarets. Another law in the same state (New York), directed against transvestites, made it illegal to wear fewer than three items of clothing of the same sex. If, say, a customer of the "Stonewall Inn" was wearing a dress and makeup, regardless of whether he had any official identification with him, he was not exempt from being brought into the department and likely arrested, detained and his conviction. Amid all this repressive climate towards the gay community, the police sometimes turned a blind eye.
In every police station in New York, on the maps of the city, there were some places marked with a label that said "QB" on it, meaning Queen Bar, which meant gay bar. Most of these bars were owned by the mafia and paid respectable amounts to the police to stay open. Despite this, police "visits" were regular and customers were "harassed" as a given. Usually the police "doos" were done early so that the shopkeepers - the vast majority of whom were not gay - could continue the normal operation of the bars after the order bodies left. And of course, most of the time the owners of the bars were aware of the day and time of each "visit" by other "prepaid" police officers for this job.
THE POLICE SHOWER AT THE STONEWALL INN
On the day of the police raid on the "Stonewall Inn", those in charge had been alerted by another policeman, but as time went on (we said the "doos" were early), they thought it was a "false alarm". The bar belonged to the Genovese mafia family and gays, transvestites, drag queens, femme (feminine) and butch (masculine) lesbians, outcasts, but also homeless or black and Hispanic people who went there to dance gathered in it. Let's say here that at that time even same-sex couples were forbidden to dance, but the "Stonewall Inn" had implemented a patent of its own. Once informed of the arrival of the police, the bartender would flash a white light and immediately cease all activity.
As we said above, first the first four went in to reconnoitre the place and shortly after they informed the headquarters by phone, saying that there were 205 people in the bar and asking for reinforcements. When the remaining eight police officers arrived, they expected everything to go "normally":checking IDs, checking clothes, bringing in those who did not have the necessary documents with them and those who violated the dress code. Those who were dressed as women went with female police officers to the toilet, where their gender was checked on the spot! But that night, the men, dressed in women's clothes, refused to obey and submit to the established control.
GUARDS OF "STONEWALL INN" REACT
At the same time, even the "normally" dressed, refused to show their police IDs. The police then decided to round up all non-cooperators to the section, while placing the cross-dressing suspects separately at the back of the bar. The situation started to get out of hand when some police officers verbally assaulted some lesbians, using sexual innuendos. In the meantime, 28 cases of beer and 19 bottles of various drinks had been confiscated, precisely because the "Stonewall Inn" did not have a license to serve alcohol. Police cells were alerted to pick them up (along with those arrested), but they had to wait for an extra fifteen minutes.
Those who cooperated with the police were released from the front entrance of the bar, but none of them left as usual, but they all waited to see what would happen next. Within minutes, around 150 people had gathered outside the bar, since in addition to the customers, neighbors who had seen the patrol cars and heard the commotion also gathered. The police tried to forcefully push them away from the scene, but some gays started giving their own "show". They started with "inappropriate" poses, while giving military salutes to the police officers in a particularly ironic way, receiving the warm applause of the rest of the "spectators".
By the time the first cage arrived, the crowd had already increased tenfold to over a thousand people. The police first led members of the mafia to the cage and immediately afterwards the workers at the bar, amid general - ironic - apotheosis from the bystanders. One of the audience shouted loudly at one point "Gay power!" and another began singing "We shall overcome," a gospel song that had become a protest song and turned into an "anthem" of the human rights movement. The crowd was enjoying the atmosphere that had been created, but at the same time they were also raising their voices, clearly showing their disdain and hostility towards the police presence.
Suddenly a policeman pushed a man dressed as a woman and he responded by hitting him on the head with his bag, while the crowd began to boo the uniformed men. Immediately the crowd began hurling first coins and then beer bottles at the bar, now enraged by the news that the police were beating the arrested customers inside the bar. Things got worse when four policemen dragged a woman from inside the bar to the cage, who screamed and managed to escape them four times! The woman, a butch lesbian, had complained that her handcuffs were too tight, prompting one of the officers to hit her in the head with a globe.
THE EPISODES START
As soon as she was put in the cage on the fifth try, the woman (many believe it was Stormé DeLarverie, a well-known New York lesbian) loudly shouted at the crowd "you guys, why don't you do something?" That's when the crowd "exploded", Stormé's vocals were the spark that lit the fire. The police hit a few more with the globes, causing the rest to attack furiously. The wood began to fall uncontrollably, while the door of the cage was left - on purpose, some eyewitnesses claim - open, as a result of which several of the arrested escaped. The crowd tried to overturn the cage, but Pine gave orders to leave immediately and return as soon as possible with reinforcements.
Some claimed that the police "do" had happened because the police had not been paid on time, and then other voices were heard saying "well then, let's pay them". A shower of coins fell towards the officers, accompanied by slogans such as "pigs" and "brother cops". The frightened policemen, ten in number, retreated inside the "Stonewall Inn" and camped there with the arrested. But the "bombardment" from outside continued unabated and merciless. Garbage cans, bricks, bottles and stones were thrown at the front of the store, breaking the windows and ending up inside the bar.
The situation escalated further when those outside first set fire to the rubbish bins before hurling them through the broken windows. "Fortified" officers got a fire hose, but there was no water pressure, so small fires were burning inside the shop. A little later, at 3am, the TPF (Tactical Patrol Force), a special anti-riot unit consisting of 24 police officers in military formation, equipped with helmets, shields, globes and tear gas, arrived on the scene and stormed the bar. . Inside they found injured police officers from the objects that had landed on them.
The "iron fences" began to lift the arrested into the cages they had come to, under the shouts, slogans and continuous "throws" of the gathered. Two more squads of the TPF arrived at the bar and all together began to indiscriminately hit anyone in front of them, while the chase extended to the surrounding streets. Each time the crowd dispersed, the crowd circled the square and came back to challenge and curse at the police. During the episodes, the "protagonists" were the homosexuals, who provoked with their gestures and movements, freaking out the uniformed men.
But the transvestites also sang verses full of meaning, while threatening to rape the representatives of the law:"We are the Stonewall girls/ We wear our hair in curls/ We don't wear underwear/ We show our pubic hair" Stonewall, we have our hair in curls, we don't wear underwear, we show our teenage hair). Finally around 4am, things calmed down. On that first night of violence, many of those gathered were severely beaten, four police officers were injured in the hospital and 13 people were arrested. The "Stonewall Inn" had turned into a vast ruin. Toilets, mirrors, cigarette machines, jukebox, bar, seats, everything was either broken or burned.
While the episodes were happening, Craig Rodwell (vice president of the Mattachine Society, as we wrote above), contacted The New York Times, New York Post and Daily News and informed them of the events on Christopher Street. All three covered the story, with the Daily News making it a front-page story. The news had spread throughout Greenwich Village, while various rumors circulated. Others claimed that "SDS" (Students for a Democratic Society), a left-wing student activist organization for the rights of various minorities, was behind the event, others said that the rally had been organized by the Black Panthers, and others claimed that the incidents had set off by a pissed off gay cop who saw his roommate dancing at Stonewall!
THE SECOND NIGHT OF THE CONFLICTS
During Saturday, people were passing by outside the "Stonewall Inn" while the first graffiti began to appear on the walls of the bar:"Drag Power", "They invaded our rights", "Support Gay Power" and " Legalize Gay bars", along with accusations of the shop being looted by the police themselves. However, the sign at the entrance informed that the bar was open. On the evening of June 28, the crowd again began to gather outside the "Stonewall Inn", where now, in addition to the known patrons, there were police provocateurs, curious and even tourists. Christopher Street was filled with thousands of people, as were the surrounding streets.
Many were stopping passing buses and cars, harassing passengers unless they declared they were either gay or supported the protesters. Marsha P. Jackson, an African-American drag queen who was one of the pioneers of confrontations with the police, climbed a lamppost and from there threw a heavy bag at a police car, shattering its windshield. It was the spark to start new episodes, just as violent as the night before. Έξω από το μπαρ υπήρχαν περισσότεροι από εκατό αστυνομικοί, όμως είχαν να αντιμετωπίσουν χιλιάδες διαδηλωτές, έτσι γύρω στις 2 μετά τα μεσάνυχτα, κατέφθασε και πάλι η TPF, ξεκινώντας τις συλλήψεις.
Το πλήθος πάντως δεν έδειξε να φοβάται τους "σιδερόφρακτους" και κάθε φορά που αυτοί έπιαναν κάποιον από τους συγκεντρωμένους, οι υπόλοιποι έκαναν αμέσως "ντου" και τον απελευθέρωναν. Η κατάσταση έδειξε να ηρεμεί κατά τις 4 τα ξημερώματα της Κυριακής, ενώ ανάμεσα στο πλήθος βρέθηκε και ο ποιητής - και "γκουρού" της beat generation - Άλεν Γκίνσμπεργκ, που τότε έμενε στην Christopher Street, αλλά όπως δήλωσε ο ίδιος, ήταν η πρώτη φορά που πήγαινε στο "Stonewall Inn" και είχε μείνει ενθουσιασμένος:"Τα παιδιά εκεί μέσα ήταν υπέροχα. Απέβαλαν εκείνο το πληγωμένο βλέμμα που είχαν όλες οι αδερφές πριν δέκα χρόνια". Τη Δευτέρα και την Τρίτη τα επεισόδια περιορίστηκαν σε μερικές φραστικές αντιπαραθέσεις, κυρίως επειδή έβρεχε πολύ και συνεχόμενα.
Σε αυτό το διήμερο, ο Κρεγκ Ρόντγουελ τύπωσε και μοίρασε σε όλο το Greenwich Village, 5.000 φυλλάδια που έγραφαν μεταξύ άλλων, "πετάξτε τη μαφία και τους μπάτσους έξω από τα γκέι μπαρ". Ο Ρόντγουελ καλούσε όλους τους ομοφυλόφιλους να γίνουν ιδιοκτήτες στα δικά τους μαγαζιά, να μποϊκοτάρουν το Stonewall Inn και τα υπόλοιπα γκέι μπαρ που ανήκαν στη μαφία και να απαιτήσουν από τον Δήμαρχο να διερευνήσει την απαράδεκτη κατάσταση που επικρατούσε στη γειτονιά. Πάντως, μέσα στην Mattachine Society, υπήρχαν και - αρκετές - φωνές που εξέφραζαν την πλήρη αντίθεσή τους στη χρήση βίας, επιμένοντας πως ο διάλογος και τα ειρηνικά μέσα αποτελούσαν μονόδρομο για να πειστούν οι ετεροφυλόφιλοι πως η συμβίωση όλων ήταν εφικτή.
ΤΟ ΑΙΣΧΡΟ ΑΡΘΡΟ ΤΗΣ "THE VILLAGE VOICE"
Όλα έδειχναν ότι η κατάσταση πήγαινε προς εκτόνωση, όμως την Τετάρτη 2 Ιουλίου, ένα άρθρο που δημοσιεύτηκε στη νεοϋρκέζικη εφημερίδα The Village Voice, εξόργισε και πάλι την ΛΟΑΤ κοινότητα του Μανχάταν. Στο άρθρο περιγράφονταν οι συγκρούσεις των προηγούμενων ημερών, με μια όμως τελείως προσβλητική φρασεολογία για τους γκέι, οι οποίοι περιγράφονταν ως "στρατιές από πούστηδες", "γυναικωτοί" και "τρελές κυριακάτικες αδερφές". Μέσα σε λίγη ώρα μετά την κυκλοφορία της εφημερίδας, περίπου χίλια άτομα συγκεντρώθηκαν έξω από τα γραφεία της, απειλώντας να τα πυρπολήσουν. Να πούμε εδώ, ότι η έδρα της The Village Voice βρίσκονταν - όπως και το "Stonewall Inn" - στην Christopher Street.
Αστυνομικές δυνάμεις συγκεντρώθηκαν έξω από τα γραφεία της εφημερίδας για να προστατεύσουν τους εργαζόμενους και το κτίριο και εκεί ήταν που ξεκίνησαν και πάλι βίαια επεισόδια ανάμεσα στην αστυνομία και το πλήθος. Ξύλο, κυνηγητό, σπασμένα και λεηλατημένα καταστήματα (σύμφωνα με πολλούς μάρτυρες, το "πλιάτσικο" στα μαγαζιά έγινε από μη γκέι διαδηλωτές) και τελικά τρεις συλλήψεις, ήταν ο απολογισμός της ωριαίας σύγκρουσης τη νύχτα της Τετάρτης. Η τελική αίσθηση που είχε μείνει, όχι μόνο σε όσους είχαν πάρει μέρος στις συγκρούσεις με την αστυνομία, αλλά και σε πολλούς ακόμα κατοίκους του Greenwich Village, ήταν ότι το όλο θέμα με την αντιμετώπιση των ομοφυλόφιλων είχε φτάσει σε πλήρες αδιέξοδο.
Ο ΓΚΕΪ ΑΚΤΙΒΙΣΜΟΣ ΕΞΑΠΛΩΝΕΤΑΙ ΣΕ ΟΛΟ ΤΟΝ ΚΟΣΜΟ
Πολλές οργανώσεις υπέρ των δικαιωμάτων των γκέι, που είχαν εντυπωσιαστεί από την "εξέγερση" του Stonewall, έκαναν απανωτές συναντήσεις, όπου το κυρίαρχο θέμα συζήτησης ήταν η ανάληψη δράσης. Στις 4 Ιουλίου πραγματοποιήθηκε η ετήσια πικετοφορία της Mattachine Society μπροστά στο ιστορικό κτίριο "Independence Hall" της Φιλαδέλφειας (εκεί όπου παρουσιάστηκαν και υιοθετήθηκαν η Διακήρυξη της Ανεξαρτησίας και το Σύνταγμα των ΗΠΑ). Η πικετοφορία, γνωστή και ως Annual Reminder (ετήσια υπενθύμιση), διαξαγόταν κάθε χρόνο από το 1965 μέχρι και το 1969, ήταν από τις παλαιότερες οργανωμένες διαμαρτυρίες των γκέι και σκοπό είχε τη ενημέρωση των Αμερικανών πολιτών για την καταστρατήγηση των δικαιωμάτων της ΛΟΑΤ κοινότητας.
Πάντως, πολλοί ήταν εκείνοι που θεωρούσαν ότι η ειρηνική προσέγγιση της Mattachine Society είχε ξεπεραστεί από την εποχή της και πως έπρεπε να δημιουργηθούν νέοι φορείς, πιο αποφασισμένοι και πιο διεκδικητικοί στον αγώνα τους. Λίγο καιρό μετά τα γεγονότα στο "Stonewall Inn", ιδρύθηκε το GLF (Gay Liberation Front), το Μέτωπο για την Απελευθέρωση των Γκέι, η πρώτη τέτοια οργάνωση που στο επίσημο όνομά της χρησιμοποίησε τη λέξη γκέι, ενώ στη συνέχεια, η μια μετά την άλλη, ξεπήδησαν δεκάδες τέτοιες οργανώσεις στις ΗΠΑ και τη Δυτική Ευρώπη. Έξι μήνες μετά το Stonewall, ακτιβιστές κυκλοφόρησαν στη Νέα Υόρκη την εφημερίδα "Gay", ενώ λίγες εβδομάδες αργότερα ακολούθησαν δυο ακόμα, η "Come Out!" και η "Gay Power". Κάθε ένα από αυτά τα τρία έντυπα, πουλούσε καθημερινά από 20.000 μέχρι 25.000 φύλλα!
Η "ΓΕΝΝΗΣΗ" ΤΩΝ GAY PRIDE ΠΑΡΕΛΑΣΕΩΝ
Στις 28 Ιουνίου του 1970, στην πρώτη επέτειο των γεγονότων, που ονομάστηκε Christopher Street Liberation Day, πραγματοποιήθηκαν συγκεντρώσεις και πορείες, εκτός από τη Νέα Υόρκη, τόσο στο Λος Άντζελες, όσο και στο Σικάγο. Αυτές ήταν και οι πρώτες τρεις "Gay Pride" παρελάσεις στην ιστορία. Το όνομά τους το πήραν από το σύνθημα "Say it loud, gay is proud" (φωνάξτε το δυνατά, οι γκέι είναι περήφανοι), που κραύγαζαν οι 20.000 συγκεντρωμένοι στο Σέντραλ Παρκ της Νέας Υόρκης, στην πρώτη γκέι παρέλαση του 1970. Την επόμενη χρονιά προστέθηκαν στη λίστα των Gay Pride Marches, η Βοστόνη, το Ντάλας, το Μιλγουόκι, το Λονδίνο, το Παρίσι, το Δυτικό Βερολίνο και η Στοκχόλμη.
Η παρέλαση του 1970 στη Νέα Υόρκη, κάλυψε 51 ολόκληρα οικοδομικά τετράγωνα, ξεκινώντας από την Christopher Street και καταλήγοντας στο Σέντραλ Παρκ. Το 1972 ακόμα περισσότερες πόλεις διοργάνωσαν παρελάσεις (Ατλάντα, Μπάφαλο, Ντιτρόιτ, Ουάσινγκτον, Μαϊάμι, Μινεάπολις, Φιλαδέλφεια και Σαν Φρανσίσκο). Μέσα σε δυο χρόνια από τις ταραχές του "Stonewall Inn", είχαν δημιουργηθεί οργανώσεις για τη διεκδίκηση των δικαιωμάτων των γκέι σε κάθε μεγάλη πόλη των ΗΠΑ, αλλά επίσης και στον Καναδά, την Αυστραλία και τη Δυτική Ευρώπη. Σήμερα, οι Gay Pride παρελάσεις είναι ένας παγκόσμιος θεσμός, ενώ για να τιμηθεί το Stonewall (η 28η Ιουνίου έχει καθιερωθεί ως Ημέρα ΛΟΑΤ περηφάνιας), οι περισσότερες από αυτές διοργανώνονται τον Ιούνιο.
Το 1994, στην 25η επέτειο, η πόλη της Νέας Υόρκης γιόρτασε το Stonewall με μια παρέλαση που πέρασε μπροστά από το κτίριο των Ηνωμένων Εθνών και κατέληξε στο Σέντραλ Παρκ, με τους διοργανωτές να κάνουν λόγο για 1,1 εκατομμύριο συμμετέχοντες. Το 1999, το Αμερικανικό Υπουργείο Εσωτερικών συμπεριέλαβε τα νούμερα 51 και 53 της Christopher Street μαζί με τη γύρω περιοχή στο Greenwich Village, στο Εθνικό Μητρώο Ιστορικών Χώρων, ενώ τον Φεβρουάριο του 2000, το "Stonewall Inn" χαρακτηρίστηκε Εθνικό Μνημείο. Στις 6 Ιουνίου του 2019, λίγες μέρες πριν τη συμπλήρωση πενήντα χρόνων από τα γεγονότα του 1969, ο αρχηγός της Αστυνομίας της Νέας Υόρκης, Τζέιμς Π. Ο'Νιλ, ζήτησε δημόσια συγνώμη εκ μέρους του Σώματος για τις ενέργειες των ένστολων στο "Stonewall Inn".
Η ΚΛΗΡΟΝΟΜΙΑ ΤΟΥ "STONEWALL INN"
52 χρόνια μετά τα αυθόρμητα και χαοτικά γεγονότα στο "Stonewall Inn", μπορούμε να πούμε πως εκείνος ο συσσωρευμένος θυμός των καταπιεσμένων γκέι, αποτέλεσε το σύμβολο ενός κινήματος που βρισκόταν ακόμα στα σπάργανα. Οι περισσότεροι που ενεπλάκησαν στα επεισόδια, πελάτες του μπαρ και περαστικοί ομοφυλόφιλοι, ελάχιστα ενδιαφέρονταν για την πολιτική και δεν είχαν την παραμικρή σκέψη για δημιουργία μιας "κοινότητας". Στη συντριπτική τους πλειοψηφία, ήταν περιθωριακοί, τραβεστί, εκδιδόμενοι, άνεργοι, drag queens, άστεγοι, που ήδη είχαν συλληφθεί πολλές φορές στο παρελθόν και ήταν γεμάτοι οργή για την αντιμετώπιση που τους επεφύλασσε το σύστημα, οπότε δεν ήταν δύσκολο να εξηγηθεί η αποφασιστική στάση τους εκείνο το βράδυ εναντίον της αστυνομίας.
Χρειάστηκε να περάσει λίγος καιρός, μέχρι εκείνη η πρώτη στην ιστορία της αμερικανικής ομοφυλοφιλικής κοινότητας μαζική αντίδραση απέναντι στην κρατική καταπίεση, να αξιολογηθεί σωστά, κυρίως από γκέι που ανήκαν σε εύπορες και καλλιεργημένες τάξεις, και να θεωρηθεί ως ένα ιδρυτικό γεγονός του απελευθερωτικού κινήματος των ομοφυλόφιλων, ένα πραγματικό ορόσημο στην πάλη των διεκδικήσεων για την αναγνώριση της διαφορετικότητας, αλλά και την εξουδετέρωση αρνητικών στερεοτύπων, στα οποία ήταν εγκλωβισμένο μεγάλο μέρος της κοινωνίας. Παράλληλα, το Stonewall "σφυρηλάτησε" την αλληλεγγύη μεταξύ των διάφορων γκέι ομάδων και δημιούργησε μια νέα γενιά ριζοσπαστικού πολιτικού και κοινωνικού ακτιβισμού που ξεκίνησε από τις ΗΠΑ και απλώθηκε σε όλο τον κόσμο.
* Βίντεο:Οι ταραχές του 1969 στο Stonewall Inn.