1. Economic Policies: Hoover believed in the principles of laissez-faire economics, which advocated for minimal government intervention in the economy. He believed in allowing natural economic forces to correct themselves. During the early phase of the crisis, Hoover largely stayed committed to this approach. He opposed direct relief programs and instead opted for measures like providing loans to businesses and encouraging private charities.
2. Unemployment and Homelessness: The Depression led to widespread unemployment and homelessness. It was estimated that at the peak of the crisis, up to 15 million Americans were unemployed, representing nearly a quarter of the workforce. Hoover was seen as aloof and slow to respond to the suffering caused by these conditions.
3. Public Perception and Communication: Hoover's style of communication was perceived by many as detached and lacking empathy. He was criticized for his statements that suggested a lack of understanding of the depth of the crisis and for giving off a sense of confidence that wasn't backed up by tangible results.
4. Political Opposition: Hoover faced political opposition from both within and outside his party. Some believed he should have done more to intervene and provide direct aid, while others argued he should have implemented more robust policies to regulate the economy.
5. Bonus Army March: In July 1932, a group of World War I veterans known as the Bonus Army marched to Washington, D.C., demanding payment of bonuses that had been promised to them. The Hoover administration's response to the march, including ordering the U.S. Army to forcibly disperse the protesters, further damaged Hoover's public image.
6. Social and Political Unrest: The Great Depression led to widespread social and political unrest. People felt disillusioned with the government's inability to address the crisis effectively, and they lost confidence in Hoover and the Republican Party.
It's important to note that while Hoover was held responsible, the Great Depression was a complex phenomenon caused by multiple factors, including international trade issues, financial market regulation failures, and societal changes. Hoover's policies may not have been the only or main cause, but they were significant contributing factors to the public perception of him as unresponsive and ineffective during a severe economic crisis.