1. Republicanism: Many newly independent nations adopted republican systems, where citizens elect representatives to exercise power on their behalf.
2. Federalism: Some countries, particularly larger ones, adopted federal systems where power is distributed between a central government and regional or state governments.
3. Constitutionalism: Many countries adopted constitutions that established the basic laws and principles of their governance, including fundamental rights and freedoms for citizens.
4. Parliamentary Systems: Several nations adopted parliamentary systems where the executive branch of the government is accountable to the legislature, and the head of government (often a prime minister) is chosen by the legislative body.
5. Presidential Systems: Other countries chose presidential systems, where the executive branch is separate from the legislature and headed by a president elected by the citizens directly.
6. Democratic Principles: Democratic principles, including universal suffrage, regular elections, and the rule of law, were widely embraced.
It's important to note that the specific form of government adopted in each new country varied depending on historical, cultural, and practical considerations.