Substitution: Wartime shortages can also lead to the substitution of one good for another. For example, if there is a shortage of wheat, people may substitute corn or other grains in their diets.
Price controls: Governments may also impose price controls on essential goods to prevent profiteering and ensure that they remain affordable for the general population.
Increased production: In some cases, governments may also encourage or mandate increased production of essential goods to meet wartime demand. This can involve, for example, expanding agricultural production or converting factories to produce war-related goods.
Importation: Governments may also import essential goods from other countries to supplement domestic supplies.