1. Strategic Planning: William carefully planned and prepared for the invasion. He gathered information about the English forces and the terrain where the battle would take place. William's strategic thinking and planning allowed him to anticipate Harold's movements and exploit weaknesses in the English army.
2. Superior Tactics and Cavalry: William's Norman forces employed advanced military tactics and utilized their cavalry effectively. The Normans used a combination of infantry, archers, and cavalry, which proved devastating to Harold's primarily infantry-based army. William's cavalry, in particular, gave the Normans a significant advantage in mobility and allowed them to swiftly outmaneuver the English.
3. Armored Knights and Equipment: The Norman knights were well-equipped with chainmail armor and other protective gear, providing them with better defense against the English infantry's weapons. The Normans also possessed superior weapons, such as longbows and crossbows, which allowed them to engage the English from a distance.
4. Feudal Support and Reinforcements: William had a large and loyal army composed of Norman nobles and mercenaries, who were motivated by the promise of land and wealth in England. The Norman forces were well-disciplined and organized, and they received reinforcements throughout the battle, while Harold faced difficulties in rallying additional support.
5. Surprise Attack and Deception: William landed his forces at Pevensey, Sussex, on the south coast of England, taking Harold by surprise. Harold had anticipated an invasion at Dover and quickly marched his army south, covering a considerable distance in a short time. William's sudden attack put Harold's forces at a disadvantage, as they were fatigued from their march and had less time to prepare for battle.
6. Effective Use of Motte-and-Bailey Castles: William constructed several motte-and-bailey castles during his campaign, which served as strategic strongholds and supply points. These castles allowed the Normans to control key locations, secure their supply lines, and establish a presence in conquered areas, further pressuring Harold's forces.
These advantages, combined with the tactical blunders made by Harold, such as fighting on a narrow ridge and failing to adequately scout the Norman positions, ultimately contributed to William's victory at the Battle of Hastings and the subsequent Norman conquest of England.