He was first aide-de-camp to Dumouriez. Then he passes his services to Moreau, but by taking the defense during the royalist accusations which are brought against Moreau, Macdonald falls into disgrace. He will remain on the cover in Russia during the painful retirement. He stands out all the same at
She is the daughter of the Duke of Savoy, Philippe dit sans Terre, and Marguerite de Bourbon. In 1490 she married Charles de Valois, Count of Angoulême, with whom she had two children:Marguerite dAngoulême and François I. After her widowhood, she devoted herself to their education. She was twice reg
He is the son of Philippe Égalité. He took part in the Battle of Valmy, and became Dumouriez aide-de-camp. Then he left France and led a precarious life. He marries Marie-Amélie de Bourbon. Returned under Louis XVIII, he was appointed lieutenant of the kingdom then king of the French during the revo
Son of King Charles V of France, and younger brother of Charles VI. Louis disputes the kingdom with the Dukes of Burgundy, his uncle Philippe le Hardi, then his cousin Jean Sans Peur. On the order of this last Louis was assassinated provoking the civil war between Armagnacs and Burgundians. Louis is
King of France in 1774, he surrounded himself with talented ministers (Malesherbes, Turgot, Necker). The war undertaken alongside the American colonies will restore prestige to France. But inside, the opposition of the privileges increases, and Calonne and Loménie de Brienne cannot stop the financia
Son of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette. Dauphin in 1789 after the death of his older brother. Locked up in the Temple during the Revolution, he was isolated from all contact in anonymity and distress. He is the pretender to the throne after the death of his father in 1793. In 1795, Louis XVII dies in
King of France, he was the youngest of Louis XVI, he reigned during two successive Restorations (1814- 1815, 1815-1824). He married Louise de Savoie with whom he had no children. He went into exile in 1791, and took the title of regent and Louis XVIII after the death of his nephew the Dauphin Louis
Louis XI was the son of Charles VII and Marie dAnjou. He married Marguerite of Scotland in 1436 then Charlotte of Savoy in 1451. Dauphin, Louis XI created many difficulties for his father, he had to take refuge at the court of Philippe le Bon, Duke of Burgundy. From the beginning of his reign, he wa
Louis XII was the son of the poet Charles dOrléans and Marie de Clèves. Educated by Louis XI, he was forced to marry his daughter:Jeanne de France. Louis dOrléans opposes the regency of Anne de Beaujeu who leads the country during the minority of Charles VIII (Mad War). Beaten, Louis dOrléans is imp
Louis X le Hutin (meaning the Quarrelsome) is the son of King Philippe of France IV le Bel and the Queen of Navarre Jeanne Ière. In 1305, he first married Marguerite de Bourgogne. Convicted of adultery with the complicity of her sisters-in-law (Tour de Nesle scandal), Marguerite was sentenced to imp
Louis VIII was the son of Philippe II and Isabelle de Hainaut, he was the husband of Blanche de Castile. During the reign of his father, he fought fiercely against the English and King John Lackland in 1214 at La Roche-aux-Moines, which earned him the offer of the crown of England by the English bar
Son of Louis VI and Adelaide of Savoy. Just before his accession to the throne, he married the heiress of Aquitaine, Aliénor. He governed alongside his fathers excellent adviser, the Abbé de Saint-Denis, Suger. To weaken his vassals, he multiplies the concessions of privileges to rural communities a
Louis VI the Fat, was the son of Philip I and Bertha of Holland. He first married Lucienne de Rochefort and Adéle de Savoie. Louis is an energetic and valiant king in battle. He subdues the revolts of the barons on his domain and imposes himself against the lords of the kingdom. He also had to manag
Son of Lothair, Louis is the last Carolingian king who reigned in France. His reign is very short since he dies of a fall from his horse during a hunting party. With the support of Adalbéron, Hugues Capet was elected king despite the expense of Louis uncle, Charles de Lorraine. Lothaire Hugues Cape
Third and only surviving son of Charlemagne and Hildegard. He was named king of Aquitaine (781) then associated with the throne (813). From Queen Ermengarde he has three sons, Lothair I, the eldest, associated with the throne, is considered the sole heir of the empire. Pepin and Louis the German wil
Louis is the younger brother of Antoine de Bourbon and therefore the uncle of the future Henri IV. He is at the origin of the House of Condé, a very powerful line in France until the 19th century. He made a military career under Henri II (defeat of Saint-Quentin in 1557). Under François II, he becam
Son of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile, he was only 12 years old when he took the throne. The regency is therefore ensured by his mother. She kept power for quite a long time, until 1242. A very pious king, Louis continued the work of legislation and administration of his elders. He is surrounded
Son of Charles the Simple and Ogive of Wessex, Louis IV was ousted from the throne by Raoul I. When his father was captured, his mother took him to England, hence his nickname of Outremer. After the death of the king (936), Hugh the Great, Duke of France refuses the crown and calls Louis to make him
Elder son of Louis II le Bègue and Ansgarde, he shares the royalty with his brother Carloman. At the division of the paternal inheritance, he receives a small part of the western territories and Neustria. Hugh the Abbot had Louis III and Carloman II recognized as kings of the Western Franks. The Nor
Third son of Louis the Pious and Irmingarde, king of Bavaria in 817. In 829, Louis the German joins forces with his brothers Lothaire and Pépin against his father. The emperor being dead, it is Lothair who takes the title, Louis therefore allies himself with Charles to put an end to his hegemony. Th
Peter I in the portrait of Paul Delaroche. Peter I the Great (1672-1725) - the Tsar of Russia in 1682-1725 of the Romanov dynasty. He was born on June 9, 1672 in Moscow. He was the son of Tsar Alexei I Romanov and Natalia Naryshkin. When he was four, his father died, and his half-brother Fyodor
Giotto di Bondone or Ambrogiotto di Bondone (1267-1337) was an Italian painter, sculptor and architect of the Trecento (14th century). He is considered the creator of the pictorial language of the Renaissance, inspiring his work from the nascent humanism at the end of the Middle Ages. Giotto worked
Vincentella Perini, known as Danielle Casanova (1909 – 1943) was a communist activist and resistance fighter. Leader of the Young Communists and founder of the Union of Young Girls of France, she died in deportation to Auschwitz. The Union of Young Girls of France Daughter of teachers, Vincentella
Artemisia Lomi Gentileschi (1593-1652), was an Italian painter of the Caravaggio school, considered one of the first women to paint historical and religious subjects. Very talented, she met with great success in her time, and is also one of the first Baroque painters. [WARNING:rape] A cathartic a