Catherine II, portrait of Fyodor Rokotov. Catherine II the Great (1729-1796) - Russian empress, wife of Peter III, jointly responsible for the partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. She was born in Szczecin as Zofia Augusta. She was the daughter of a Prussian general from the Anhalt-Z
Leon Niemczyk as Karol Gustaw in The Deluge ... Charles X Gustav (1622-1660) - the king of Sweden, in 1655 he invaded Poland. He was born in Nyköping Castle in 1622 as the son of Katarzyna Wazówna and Jan Kazimierz Wittelsbach. He and his siblings grew up in the Swedish court, ruled by his mothe
Ivan IV the Terrible according to Victor Wasnetsov. Ivan IV the Terrible (1530-1584) Moscow Grand Duke of the Rurikov dynasty. The first ruler of this country to use the title of Tsar of All Russia. Vasyl IIIs son was raised to the throne at the age of three. Initially, the regency on his beha
Henry VIII in a portrait by Hans Holbein. Henry VIII Tudor (1491-1547) - Tudor king of England and Ireland, son of Henry VII. He ascended the throne in 1509. He was a comprehensively educated ruler, knew several languages, and was keenly interested in theology. In 1534, he led the English Parl
Elizabeth I Tudor Elizabeth I the Great (1533-1603) - Queen of England and Ireland from the Tudor dynasty, known as the Virgin Queen. Daughter of Henry VIII and Anna Boleyn. Marginalized by her father, who considered her an illegitimate child, and by her older half-sister Maria, who briefly impr
Otto III in a medieval miniature. Otto III (980-1002) German King and Emperor of the Ludolfing Dynasty, son of Otto II. He was crowned king as a child of only 3.5 years. On his behalf, the regency was first exercised by mother Teofano, and after her death in 1991, by grandmother Adelaide. He a
Portrait of Ludwik Węgierski by Marcello Bacciarelli. Louis of Hungary, Louis of Anjou, Louis the Great (1326-1382) - king of Hungary and Poland. He was the son of the first Hungarian ruler of the Anjou dynasty, Karol Robert, and his Polish wife, Elżbieta Łokietkówna. He grew up under the watchf
An image of Saladin from a 14th century manuscript. Saladin (1137 / 1138-1193) Actually Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (meaning righteousness of faith, Joseph son of Job), also called al-Malik al-Nāṣir Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Yūsuf I, sultan of Egypt, Syria, Yemen and Palestine, founder of the He was bor
Charlemagne according to Albrecht Dürer. Charlemagne (-814) King of the Franks and founder of the renewed Roman Empire. Member of the Carolingian dynasty, son of Pepin the Short, born in 742 or 747. In 768, he inherited half of the Frankish state from his father, but quickly marginalized broth
Philip IV the Beautiful (photo:public domain) Philip IV the Beautiful (1268-1314) - French king of the Capetian dynasty. In the early days of his reign, Philip the Beautiful was more interested in noble entertainment, such as hunting. Only with time did he become involved in governing. He entere
Heliogabalus (photo:public domain) Heliogabalus (203-222) Roman emperor. Warius Avitus Bassjanus was born in the city of Emesa in Syria in 203 CE. His family served the god Baal, and his mother was a cousin of Karakala, liked by the legionnaires. It was even rumored that Warius is the emperors
Commodus Ancient Roman Emperor from 180 AD. He was born on August 31, 161, the son of Mark Aurelius and Faustina. Already in the years 176-177 his father made him a tribune of the people, co-ruler, consul and high priest. Marcus Aurelius died during the war expedition on March 17, 180, in a mili
Nero Ancient Roman Emperor from AD 54, when his stepfather Claudius died. He was born on December 15, 37. He was the son of Agrippina the Younger, the fourth wife of Claudius and Gnaeus Domitius, a pupil of Seneca the Younger. He began his reign with the restoration of powers to the senate and c
Claudius Ancient Roman Caesar from AD 41. He was born on August 1, 10 BC He was the son of Druzus the Elder and Antonia the Younger. He is often associated with his speech impediment because he is said to have stuttered. He became emperor after Caligula was murdered. Before Claudius, who was hid
Caligula Ancient Roman Emperor since 37 AD. He was born on August 31, 12. He was the son of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder, who was exiled to the island of Pandataria in 29, where she died in 33. Nickname Caligula comes from the shoes he wore in his childhood called caliga . He was recog
Octavian August The first emperor of ancient Rome, from 27 BC He was born on September 23, 63 BCE. He was adopted by Julius Caesar, after whose death he originally fought against Mark Antony, to ally with him and Lepidus, governor of Narbonne Gaul, in AD 43, creating a triumvirate. These three d
Cleopatra by John William Waterhouse Cleopatra the Great, Cleopatra VII Philopator (69-30 BCE) Egypts last independent queen was from the Ptolemaic dynasty. She assumed power in AD 51 after the death of Ptolemy XII Auletes together with her brother Ptolemy XIII Philopathor. As a result of a co
Julius Caesar in the painting by Lionel Royer. Julius Caesar, actually Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 BC) Roman military, politician and leader. He was born in the patrician family of Julius on July 12 or 13 (according to some historians) July 100 BCE. From the mid-70s BCE influential representat
Gnaeus Pompey Politician, consul and leader in ancient Rome, sometimes referred to as Gnaeus Pompey the Great. He was to receive this nickname after in 81 BCE. he defeated the army of the popular people in Africa, and in 79 BCE he triumphed after these victories. In 77 B.C.E. took command in the
Alexander the Great in the painting by Januarius Zick. Alexander the Great known as Alexander of Macedon (356-323 BC) King of Macedonia, founder of a vast Middle Eastern empire. In his youth, he was raised by the famous philosopher Aristotle. He ascended the throne in 336 B.C.E., after the death
Sergeant-major in 1789 and president of the Jacobins club of Besançon, he became major general in 1793. Commandant of the army of the Haut-Rhin then of the North, he conquered Belgium and the Netherlands in 1795. But, rallied to the royalist cause, suspected of treason, he had to resign (1796). In 1
Count of Toulouse, he is the heir of Raymond de Saint-Gilles who took part in the first crusade. In Toulouse, he maintains communal freedoms. A refined poet, he did not like war but did not lack energy. The assassination of the papal legate provoked his excommunication and the Albigensian crusade. A
Mariana Grajales Coello (1808 – 1893) was a national figure in the Cuban struggle for independence in the 19th century. Alongside her husband and sons, she fought in the Ten Years War of Independence. The Wars of Independence in Latin America Mariana Grajales was born on June 26, 1808 in Santiago
Louis XII was the son of the poet Charles dOrléans and Marie de Clèves. Educated by Louis XI, he was forced to marry his daughter:Jeanne de France. Louis dOrléans opposes the regency of Anne de Beaujeu who leads the country during the minority of Charles VIII (Mad War). Beaten, Louis dOrléans is imp