Early life
Bracken was born to Irish expatriate James Bracken (1838–1889) and a Chinese Filipina named Eliza Macao y Hernández del Rosario of Hong Kong in Cavite, Cavite, Philippines, during the Spanish colonial period. She was initially baptized and raised as a Protestant, but later converted to Catholicism. She also came from a wealthy family, as her father was a businessman who established a successful business in Manila. Bracken received her education at the exclusive Colegio de Santa Catalina in Intramuros, where she excelled in academics and exhibited a passion for literature and the arts.
Rizal's death and later life
After the execution of Rizal in 1896, Bracken faced significant hardships. She was ostracized by many of her relatives, who disapproved of her relationship with Rizal. Bracken gave birth to their son Francisco ("Franz") on May 1, 1896, before Rizal's execution on December 30. Although she was in grief, she found support from her faithful nanny and a few loyal friends.
In the aftermath of the Philippine–American War, Bracken struggled financially and sought assistance from the American government, presenting herself as the widow of a war hero and expressing her desire to live in the United States with her son. She was later invited to visit St. Louis, Missouri, where she met with President Theodore Roosevelt and other prominent figures in 1901.
Bracken faced criticism and public scrutiny throughout her life, often characterized as a "fallen woman" due to her interracial relationship and association with Rizal. Despite the challenges she encountered, she maintained a strong spirit and remained an advocate for women's rights and social justice. She also authored the book "Rizal: Amor Patrio" in 1901, a poignant expression of her love and admiration for Rizal, which further cemented her place in Philippine history and literature.
Death
Bracken passed away on March 15, 1902, at the age of 25, in Hong Kong due to complications from tuberculosis. She was buried at St. Michael's Cemetery in China, her final resting place located about six kilometers from the grave of her beloved partner, José Rizal.
Legacy
Joséphine Bracken's legacy endures as a symbol of resilience, love, and the strength of the human spirit in the face of adversity. Her contributions to Philippine literature and her steadfast devotion to Rizal have immortalized her name in Philippine history. Today, she is remembered and honored as an exemplary figure of compassion and courage.