- Strengthened the central government: Ivan abolished the system of appanages, bringing all of Russia under his direct control. He also created the oprichnina, a special security force that reported directly to him and was used to suppress dissent and consolidate his power.
-Judicial Reforms: Instituted the Sudebnik of 1550, a comprehensive legal code that standardized legal procedures and punishments, promoting greater legal equality among different social groups.
- Expanded territory: Ivan greatly expanded the territory of Russia, conquering Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia. He also began the process of colonizing Siberia, which would eventually become a vast and important part of Russia.
- Promoted trade and commerce: Ivan encouraged trade with other countries, and he also built roads and canals to improve transportation. He also established the first Russian printing press, which helped to spread knowledge and culture throughout the country.
Social and Cultural Policies:
- Formed the Streltsy: A standing army of musketeers armed with firearms, improving Russia's military capabilities.
-Strengthened Serfdom: Implemented policies that tied peasants more tightly to the land and increased the power of landowners over serfs.
-Patronage of Arts: Supported the development of art and literature, including the construction of magnificent cathedrals and the commissioning of religious icons.
-Expansion of Education: Founded Russia's first printing press and supported educational institutions, leading to increased literacy rates.