Sextant: The sextant, invented in the 18th century, was a navigational instrument used to measure the altitude of celestial objects above the horizon. It was essential for determining latitude and longitude.
Chronometer: The chronometer, invented in the 18th century, was a precise timekeeping instrument that allowed explorers to determine their longitude. It was essential for accurate navigation.
Compasses: Compasses, first invented in the 12th century, helped explorers to navigate by indicating the direction of the Earth's magnetic field.
Astrolabes: Astrolabes, invented in the 3rd or 4th century BC by Greek astronomers, were used to determine the positions of celestial bodies and were used for both navigation and timekeeping.
Telescopes: Telescopes, first invented in the 16th century, allowed explorers to observe distant objects in the sky and to make accurate measurements of their positions, which were essential for navigation.
Magnetic declination: Magnetic declination is the difference between true north and magnetic north, and measuring magnetic declination was important for accurate navigation.
Star maps and celestial navigation: Star maps and the ability to use celestial navigation allowed explorers to determine their position and direction by observing the stars and planets.
Shipbuilding technology: Innovations in shipbuilding technology, such as the development of larger and more stable ships, allowed explorers to travel longer distances and explore more of the world.
Advances in cartography and mapmaking: Improved mapmaking techniques and the development of more accurate maps allowed explorers to plan and navigate their voyages more effectively.