It also covers the previous article "History of Medieval Germany
- The emperor begins to confront the princes due to repeated Italian policies and their failures.
- The lords (Welf family) who were in conflict were once the bloodline of the emperor.
- Pope and foreign relatives Plantagenet Capetian conflicts with (UK) and Plantagenet dynasty The battle for the emperor intensifies due to the involvement of (France) and others.
- Frederick II Staufen dynasty The throne returns to the throne, but the power rapidly declines.
- Staufen dynasty breaks
Through this rough flow, interregnum It will become.
This time, I would like to see what kind of era was the Hohenstaufen dynasty's decline-interregnum era, and what kind of era was the era of jumping elections after that.
The fall of the Staufen dynasty and the interregnum
As the princes became stronger as the Italian campaign continued to fail, the interregnum was finally absent from the emperor. It became a situation that caused up to (1256 to 1273).
That interregnum Holy Roman Empire just before becoming Frederick II , who was described as "the most progressive monarch in the Middle Ages" Why did the Staufen dynasty lose power from his reign when he was on the throne? I would like to take a look around that.
Reign of Frederick II
Frederick II Otto IV of the Welf family, the former emperor of Is the 176th Pope Pope Innocent III And a fierce conflict. The Pope excommunicated Otto IV, and Frederick II gained the support of the Pope.
However, by the time he was crowned in 1220, Pope Innocent III was already there. Died, Honorius III May be the Pope.
From Frederick II (Holy Roman Emperor) wikipedia
This Honorius III By Frederick II The throne was recognized. Also in the same year as co-ruler his son Heinrich VII Is the throne as King of the Romans.
One thing to remember here is the positional relationship between the Papal States and the Holy Roman Empire / Kingdom of Sicily . is.
The map above shows the relationship between Frederick II's father's generation, but it hasn't changed much. To the north is the Holy Roman Empire , Both Sicilian Kingdoms to the South Papal States in the form of being sandwiched between Was present.
So (even if you had a good relationship at first) Holy Roman Emperor Then, the conflict with the Pope is inevitable. The same is true for Frederick II Honorius III . I had no choice but to confront the subsequent Popes.
Among them, the conflict was intensified Gregory IX . It is a substitute for.
He was the son of Frederick II, whose father-son relationship had deteriorated Heinrich VII Against " Lombard League It is good to connect with the cities of Northern Italy that connect with (free translation) "and even cause a rebellion.
(The definition of "co-ruler" was different between his father and himself. Frederick II was the "King of Germany" under the control of the emperor.)
Naturally Frederick II Will have to deal with it.
Pope died after being driven (for unknown reasons), Heinrich VII Is detained and deposed the King of the Romans. Frederick II He later planned to pardon his son, but he is said to have mourned his death because he chose to die himself before the pardon.
Heinrich VII Conrad IV was the successor to was. He was elected King of the Romans in 1237 for condominium.
Of course, even after his coronation of the Roman king, the difficult steering with the papal sect continued to be pressed.
Heinrich Raspe The Count of Holland William II even after he was elected as an anti-king and he died. Was elected as an anti-king, and it was difficult for the emperor to take power.
Under such circumstances, Frederick II In 1250 in his mid-50s
"May Conrad IV succeed to the throne and King Sicily, and his younger brother Manfredy will take his place during his absence."
He died leaving the will.
The beginning of the interregnum
Innocentius IV against the death of Frederick II Is said to be very pleased. Popery is Frederick II Because it was cornered a lot by.
* Not only by Frederick II, but Innocentius III Since then, the authority of the Pope has continued to decline.
In fact, as the Pope expected, Conrad IV inherited the trace. The Staufen family's power diminished at once It's gone.
Such Conrad IV Also Philip II Died of sudden illness four years after his death, Staufen Is coming to an end, and there is no suitable person for the throne Interregnum Will be greeted.
The boy who could actually succeed in the Staufen family is still a 2-year-old Colladino This is because it was only (Konrad in German reading).
At this point Colladino Is only on the Sicilian throne and is the half-brother of Conrad IV Manfredi Was the regent in Sicily. Manfredy who was in effect controlling politics Is still in conflict with the papal sect.
Then the King of the Romans ...? I think it will be, but the opposition king "Count of Holland William II " that came out earlier ] Is the sole Roman king. It was only natural if the power of the anti-Emperor faction increased.
This William II Also Conrad II Drowned while returning from an expedition about two years after his death. Interregnum Has faced further confusion. .. ..
What happened to the Roman throne after the interregnum?
William II Even after his death, he was divided into the Emperor and the Pope in a fairly wide range, including the sacred lords, emperors, popes, and cities, so the interregnum Even after becoming, the confrontational structure in the previous dynasty continued.
At that time, Emperor / Pope At the same time as there was a hostile relationship on the axis of " Staufen vs. Welf " (← Otto IV's family, Hohenstaufen dynasty and Welfen dynasty reference) ”seems to have remained.
Thus, in 1256 William II Staufen after his death King Castile and Werfen faction The younger brothers of the King of England, who are recommended by, will be lined up.
Both of them looked for a person who was convenient for their power, but neither of them showed up to Germany so much that they were elected King of the Romans but did not reach the coronation of the emperor.
Staufen dynasty break
The Pope saw this as an opportunity and folded it further. The Popes noticed the King of France Louis IX Charles-Danjou of Anjou, his younger brother is. Charles-Danjou I will bring the Sicilian throne to.
Louis IX Was a holy wish for peace and stability in Europe (actually later called the "Holy King"), so he did not like to develop into a battle and opposed the seizure of the Sicilian throne.
Charles-Danjou , Count of Anjou and "Vassal of the King of France" He couldn't ignore that opinion, of course.
However, an event occurs that changes the situation.
Children of this era can die at any time. Colladino The news that he is "dead" is Manfredy It arrived at.
Manfredy For me, the news was 倖 倖. He soon succeeded to the Sicilian throne.
I understand later that this news was a false alarm, but because of the throne that I had a lot of trouble with ... Colladino Did not return his throne to.
Louis IX dissatisfied with Manfredi because "unjustified deprivation of the throne is not good" Is Charles-Danjou Invasion of Italy by. As a result of this attack, Manfredy Is killed in action.
Here the Pope goes on to attack further.
Charles-Danjou Is Carlo I I sealed it to stand on the Sicilian throne.
Colladino growing up to the age of 15 in the form of a complete deprivation of the Sicilian throne Is Carlo I Invade the source of. However, he was arrested and imprisoned in this battle, and was executed at a young age at the end. Thus the Staufen family is completely cut off doing.
From the background of the disconnection to the Staufen family, the emperor from the family with the power that can be said to be ◯◯ morning disappears, and the Holy Roman Empire is heading toward becoming a complete corpse.
In addition, the power of the princes was strong, and the appearance of the Holy Roman Empire was somehow arranged during this period, but "if it continues any longer, it may lead to interference from abroad." .. .. The event happened.
Charles I who inherited the Sicilian throne Is King of France Louis IX Carlo I with his son He said, "Let's make Philip III the emperor!", His nephew. The lords who thought that it was "bad" settled down to the flow of "let's elect and choose ourselves."
The era of jumping elections (1273-1437)
Interregnum After that, the era when the king was elected by the royal election was the era of jumping election . Is called.
"I don't want to be obeyed by France."
"That doesn't mean that the emperor who has too much power is also in trouble."
So the first person chosen was the Habsburgs Rudolf I was.
Despite being elected for the above reasons, the Habsburgs, contrary to expectations, have laid the groundwork for other princes who do not want to strengthen their kingship to allow hereditary succession to the throne. So, the second generation is Count Nassau's Adolf . Has been elected.
Rudolf I Is a typical German aristocrat and his own territorial expansion first principle, so that the sense of unity of the country will be lost more and more.
The change that the sense of unity disappeared later led to the development of differences such as "we are Catholic" and "we believe in Lutheranism" when the wave of religious reform occurred, leading to a war between territories. Masu [Thirty Years War (1616-1648)] However, I will summarize it in another article.
From now on, the Habsburgs And Luxembourg House , Schwarzburg House, Wittelsbach House Etc. came to take the throne of Rome (Germany).
- Rudolf I [Habsburg Family]
- Adolf [House of Nassau]
- Albert I [Habsburg Family]
- Henry VII [Luxembourg]
- Louis IV [Wittelsbach family]
- Frederick III [Habsburg Family]
- Charles IV [Luxembourg] --- Gunter [Schwarzburg] (Anti-King)
- Wenceslas [Luxembourg]
- Rupert [Wittelsbach]
- Jobst [Luxembourg family] ――― Sigismund [Luxembourg family] (King)
This era was very unstable, with kings and emperors coming from multiple homes. There are some kings who have been crowned as emperors, but more than half of the twelve are only kings.
Originally it was the Holy Roman Empire, which was elected by princes called electors, but in the early days, electors were elected by turns.
It was Charles IV who completely fixed this elector. (If you do it somehow, it may give you a chance to be taken advantage of by other countries).
So, I reconfirmed the procedure of the election system and Golden Bull (See Changes in the Holy Roman Empire [Medieval Germany / History of each country]).
In this way
- Electorate of Mainz
- Archbishop of Cologne
- Archbishop of Trier
- Count Palatine
- Duchy of Saxony
- Margraviate of Brandenburg
- King Bohemia (Bemen)
The above seven people were fixed as electors, and after the 13th century, the royal election system was completely established in the Holy Roman Empire.
This completely determines the direction of the Holy Roman Empire It was decided.
Start of Ostsiedlung (around the 11th century)
In this way, the lords were becoming more and more dominant, and in the Holy Roman Empire, the eastern advance under the leadership of the lords began in earnest. While crossing the river Elbe Saar and the forest of Bohemia and assimilating and absorbing locals (Slavs and Magyar), we created lords, villages and cities.
In the first half of the 13th century, when it was at its peak, subsequent migrations seemed to be sporadic.
Like the Crusades expedition and the Reconquista on the Iberian Peninsula, it is considered one of Europe's expanding trends as the population grows. The land was running out.
What should be noted about this Ostsiedlung is the establishment of the Teutonic Order . is.
Originally Teutonic Knights It all started with taking care of crusader soldiers who didn't understand the language (in the Middle East) and pilgrims from Germany, as the Crusader expedition created several crusader states of European origin around the sanctuary.
Quoted image:From the Teutonic Order (wikipedia)
This later became a field hospital, and it was the Teutonic Knights that developed as the core of the Knights. It will be.
They did not have the same influence as other knights in the Crusader States, but Prussia by the Ostsiedlung. Acquire territorial rights .. It has become one of the three major knight orders in medieval Europe.
Austria and Brandenburg are some of the areas acquired by Ostsiedlung who are not military orders. A great territorial state was established that would move the politics of modern Germany.
This is the end of medieval European history. After this, the famous Habsburgs of European history The hereditary dynasty of the Habsburg monarchy continues (except for the fact that it was surrendered twice alone).
After that, as I wrote in the change of the Holy Roman Empire, in 1789 in neighboring France, French Revolution French Revolutionary War with European countries interfering with the revolution Outbreak. Later Napoleonic Wars The Holy Roman Empire , which had already become a mere corpse due to the transition to Will be destroyed both in name and reality.