Athens became a subtle atmosphere after the Persian War And Sparta .. The Greek world is the Athenian camp (Delian League) centered on the police where democracy has spread And Sparta camp centered on police while maintaining aristocracy (Peloponnesian League) To fight separately.
Greece, which had been seemingly united against Persia until then, split into two and began a full-scale battle. Behind this, you can see the shadow of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, which had not been touched directly since the Persian War.
This time, such Athens And Sparta Let's see what happened to Persia, which seems to have fueled the conflict between the conflict that occurred in Greece and the Greek police.
Greek transformation
Not only the economic advantage of the Persian War, but also the military aspect that Sparta should have had an advantage, it became a big threat when Athens strengthened it, and it became something that cannot be ignored.
Eventually, in 431 BC, the two collide. So-called Peloponnese War is.
What kind of battle was the Peloponnese War?
Peloponnese War Was a battle involving not only the conflict between Athens and Sparta, but also the police who supported each power. The current state of democracy is "outrageous" from the perspective of police, who run aristocracy.
Many police had a sense of crisis about the spread of democracy, Athens Beginning Delian League Police are Sparta It wasn't just.
In fact, although Sparta had a sense of crisis ... he was rather a wait-and-see group (naturally because Sparta's military power was originally built as a countermeasure against domestic rebellion), and he tried to spread it to the war. I did police other than Sparta.
* When Greece gained an advantage in the Persian War (500 BC to 449 BC), the police were out of step, and a small war was already Peloponnese Alliance . (6th century BC-Sparta Corinth, etc.) and Delian League An outbreak (First Peloponnese War) between (478 BC-centered on Athens).
At this point, the Persian War is not completely over, so both draw, 30-year peace treaty Was tied and ended. So, the discord between the Peloponnesian League and the Delian League has surfaced quite a bit before.
Outpost Battle
The outpost of the Peloponnese War was the confrontation between the police, "Corfu" and "Corinth". A conflict began over the colonial city of Epidamnos.
Built by the Corinthians Corfu on an island in northwestern Greece .. This Corfu was colonized by Epidamnos further northwest of Corfu. is.
When the party conflict continued in Epidamnos in 435 BC and the surrounding peoples invaded, Epidamnos decided to ask Corfu to arbitrate the internal conflict and help the soldiers.
However, Corfu ignores the request for help. For unknown reasons, refusal to help was a fatal event for the needy Epidamnos.
So Epidamnos made a "request for help to Corinth" as the next move.
Corfu VS. Corinth
At that time, Corfu was the No. 2 naval power in Greece at that time. Perhaps because of that background, Corfu began to downplay Corinth.
Corinth felt that Corfu, which was supposed to be a colonial city, was starting to move away, so Epidamnos accepted a request for help . Did. In other words, Epidamnos is under the umbrella of Corinth Means that.
Corfu was furious at this series of actions and invaded Epidamnos. Repeated looting of other Corinthian colonial cities has made the relationship between Corfu and Corinth terrible.
By the way ...
Corinth Is a Spartan lord Peloponnese Alliance Is tied. It is said that Corinth was the financial supporter of the economically unsatisfactory Sparta, and it was the police that was in an important position in the Peloponnese Alliance.
Corfu sold a fight to Corinth, who was so powerful, and Corfu was afraid of retaliation Athens . I will ask for help.
Athenian participation
Athens Although the side had signed a peace treaty in the First Peloponnese War, it wants to increase its military power to counter the deteriorating Peloponnese Alliance . By the way. Accepted Corfu's request for help, Corinth Choose a confrontation with.
This is how the Battle of Sybota began in 433 BC. .. Enter into a long battle in the form of a proxy war by the colonial city. At this time, the Battle of Sybota was a draw, and the next year's Battle of Potidaea rematched. It seems that Sparta was a peace sect at this point ...
Sparta vs. Athens
In the end, the peace plan was not passed at the Peloponnesian League meeting, and the war was decided on the assumption that Athens had abandoned the peace treaty (concluded after the First Peloponnese War).
Finally, in 431 BC, Sparta invaded the Attica region of Athens . I did.
Here is the full-scale " Peloponnese Alliance led by Sparta vs. Delian League led by Athens The composition of is completed. Since then, nearly 30 years of war will be fought all over Greece.
Athens , which was dominant mainly in the strong navy However, politics was confused when the leader died due to the epidemic that was prevalent in Egypt, Libya, and the eastern Aegean Sea.
Citizens who want to continue the war even if a peace treaty is proposed, partly because the war was predominant. Athens to some extent It would have been nice to have a peace treaty in favor of, but the absence of a strong leader would not stop the warlike citizens. Then Peroponesos Alliance The side has rebuilt, Athens The side became inferior.
Originally a peace sect Sparta So Athens Peace of Nicias "Peace of Nicias" in 421 BC due to the side leaning towards peace Is established. However, the territory is not returned to each other, and the peace is only in the form, and the war is resumed in the end.
The battle after peace is rather Peloponnese Alliance Proceed in your favor. Behind it is Achaemenid Persia The shadow of ... Sparta was tied to Persia It is.
When it comes to fighting between Greek police, there are many seas considering the terrain. Then the Navy's main Athens Is the leader of the Delian League is. Peloponnese Alliance The main army is Sparta In the army of, it just doesn't go well in the battle of the sea. Peloponnese Alliance There are other cities facing the sea, but Athens Not as strong as.
Perhaps that's why I decided to connect with Persia.
From the Persian side, it is in the national interest to fight between Greek police and reduce their strength. Besides, I had a hard time winning the Persian War.
Transfer the protection rights of Ionian countries to Persia
Even the condition that the Spartan side is attached. There was no reason to decline to Persia.
Due to such circumstances, the Peloponnese Alliance with the assistance of the Achaemenid Persian dynasty. Wins the Peloponnese War in 404 BC Did.
Changes in the Greek world
Changes during the war
As the war continues, more and more people lose their land in Police, and more and more people fall out of their civil status. Those who fell were hired for money and mercenaries I came to work as.
Mercenary As many people came to work from police elsewhere, the unity of the citizens' group, which had been in charge of the military until now, was lost . .. In this way, the police society will gradually change.
Postwar changes
The long wars that took place throughout Greece from 431 BC to 404 BC continued, and the whole of Greece declined.
The Peloponnese Alliance that should have won Sparta which was the mainstay among Sparta has returned to its original inward-looking military nation.
The 4th century is Sparta Thiva (in Greece) While the police have taken the initiative for a while, the defeated nation Athens Is stubbornly defending democracy and regaining power.
Peloponnese War Persia rushes to compete with Greeks .. Anyone who knows this Persian movement knows, and later Persia will be painfully tit-for-tat. Let's talk about the painful tit for tat next.
Hellenistic era
What is the Hellenistic period? ??
An era when the ancient Orient and Greek culture became mixed Hellenistic era Call it Hellenistic culture I call it.
Let's see how the Hellenistic era was born
Remember a little about Greek geography. In Greece, the soil in the south is thin, and the more north, the richer the land. Since there was a developed country nearby, we advanced to the south, connected by trade, and expanded to such a large force.
Unlike the mountainous southern part, there was a plain, so there was a group that did not make police in northern Greece. One of those factions is Macedonia ..
Macedonia Philip II in the second half of the 4th century BC (Reign:359 BC-336 BC) strengthened military power, and in 338 BC it has grown to the point of defeating the Allied Forces of Thiva and Athens in the Battle of Chaeronea (at this time, Sparta participated in the war). Is not).
Thus Macedonia Is Sparta Take control of most of Greece except League of Corinth It is under real control.
Modified the Kingdom of Macedonia (Wikipedia)
Philip II of Macedon Under the reign of Greece, it was completed within Greece, and there was no connection with Persia, including the culture of the ancient Orient, but when it came to the son of Philip II, it became involved with Persia at once.
His son's name is Alexander the Great is. Alexander the Great because of his great achievements Also called.
This Alexander the Great However, Greece destroyed the Achaemenid Persia , which had been struggling so much. .. The reason for his destruction is Persian interference with Greek countries ..
He began his eastern expedition in 334 BC and defeated King Darius III of Persia the following year. He attacked because he was a little under the real control of his own country.
The empire that Alexander the Great finally created is very extensive, with Egypt, Greece, Syria, Anatolia, Iran, India and parts of Central Asia.
In this way, the ancient Orient and Greek culture are mixed.
After the reign of Alexander the Great
The angry momentum after taking over his father's generation did not last long. Alexander the Great He has left his mark because he had the generals who beat him up with meritocracy, so his successor also died without appointing his successor to decide by his ability.
Detailed explanation from World History B (Yamakawa Shuppansha)
This caused multiple successors (Diadochi) to stand up.
- Antigonid Dynasty Macedonia
- Seleucid Empire Syria
- Attalid Pergamon
- Greco-Bactria
- Greek Indo-Greek Kingdom
- Ptolemaic Egypt
Divided into countries such as. These countries also inherited the Hellenistic culture. About 300 years until the last remaining Ptolemaic Egypt was annexed to Rome Hellenistic era I call it.
Hellenistic era Many Greek-style cities have been built in and around the Orient, and Greek culture has spread around these cities. Especially Egyptian Alexandria Development as an economic and cultural center Has been achieved.
Although police independence has weakened since Macedonian rule, Greek culture has long been and has had a major impact on a wide range.