From the latter half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, the " Triple Alliance that led to World War I And " Triple Entente An alliance / cooperation system called "" will be completed in Europe.
The original Triple Alliance The purpose of this was to isolate France, but its significance changed as the international situation changed. It is gradually changing into an alliance against not only France but also Britain and Russia.
On the other hand, Triple Entente Was tied up by being wary of Germany's increasingly strong diplomatic and military development.
This time, what is the detailed significance of the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente, and how was it created? I would like to summarize the money troubles behind it.
* Corrected the mistake in the article on May 27
What is the Triple Alliance?
The Triple Alliance, which was formed in 1882, is also known as the German-Italy Alliance.
Triple Alliance (1882)- Germany
- Austria
- Italy
A secret military alliance formed by the above three countries. German Chancellor Bismarck Made with the suggestion of.
For details on how the Triple Alliance was formed, see the article "Let's take a look at the background of the Franco-Russian Alliance", so this time it's easy.
Triple Alliance in the first place The cause of the connection was the Franco-Prussian War that occurred in the 1870s. It begins with the deprivation of the territory and a large amount of compensation. Nationalism increased in France, and Germany became hostile.
* The reason for the rise in nationalism goes back to the earlier French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon.
Bismarck worried that he could be revenge Diplomacy-thoroughly suppressed France while coordinating the interests of each country. He has become a leading figure in international politics, and the international relations he has created are Bismarck regime . Is called.
Simple flow until the Bismarck system is established [Simple flow until the Bismarck system is established]- Late 18th century to early 19th century The rise of Napoleon Bonaparte Europe is in turmoil. Liberalism and nationalism are becoming more active.
- 1806 Complete collapse in battle with Napoleon, the destruction of the Holy Roman Empire
- The Vienna system was created after the fall of Napoleon, who built the Vienna system in the first half of the 19th century. Liberalism and nationalism were suppressed under the leadership of Metternich, and the royal government was restored in each country.
- Birth of the German Confederation in 1815 Austria becomes the ally
- France goes to republic in the middle of the 19th century July Revolution And February Revolution outbreak. The movement for liberalism and nationalism has spread to European countries.
- 〃 Independence movement occurs in many places Vienna system collapses However, when the independence movement is initiated in Austria, the power relations in Germany change.
- 1866 Austro-Prussian War Austria and Prussia fight for initiative in Germany
→ Austria is defeated and separated from Germany. Became the German Empire through the North German Confederation, the leader of the Prussian Confederacy - 1870-71 Franco-Prussian War Prussia victory.
→ France takes up resource-rich areas - 1871 ~ 1890 Bismarck system Bismarck (Public) created a French isolation policy in preparation for the revenge of the Franco-Prussian War from France
Germany eventually pulled another neighboring country, Italy, whose relations with France had deteriorated, into the Dual Alliance as a countermeasure against the hostile France, and Triple Alliance (1882) was secretly established.
Bismarck is a Three Emperor Kyosho including Russia and Austria so as not to be caught and shot. It was also tied, but it collapsed, so the Triple Alliance Reinsurance Treaty between Germany and Russia, giving up the cooperation system in the three countries while establishing (1887) has been concluded.
Bismarck retired in 1890 and the Reinsurance Treaty disappeared, but the Triple Alliance Remained after he entered the 20th century after his departure.
Emperor Wilhelm II in Germany after Bismarck's battle Pan-Germanism to "unify the German people outside the German Empire" when moving to a system centered on We will start national management based on the idea of.
It is said that Germany had a stronger anti-Russian policy when he took the throne, but Germany also advanced to Central Europe and the Balkan Peninsula with the aim of acquiring a colony behind the British-French colonial expansion policy. As they began to do so, the countries that had already secured colonies became more vigilant.
What is Triple Entente?
One Triple Entente Is a Franco-Russian Alliance that France, which has been drunk with boiling water from Germany, has teamed up with Russia on the other side of Germany. It is a system completed based on. The Franco-Russian Alliance is an alliance formed because the Reinsurance Treaty was not extended due to Bismarck's resignation.
Triple Entente is
Triple Entente (1882)- France
- Russia
- United Kingdom
It is composed of these three countries.
Franco-Russian Alliance At the time of the conclusion, Britain had no stake in France and Russia, and had not formed an alliance or cooperation.
Rather Franco-Russian Alliance There is even a section that was not only for Germany but also for Britain. This is because France at that time was in Africa and Russia was in Asia in a colonial battle with Britain.
However, the situation in Europe will change so much that Britain decides that it is in the national interest to cooperate with Russia and France, and that both Russia and France should also cooperate with Britain.
French and British approach
Germany was the most hostile to France at the time. However, when Germany was under the Bismarck regime, it was not involved in the war and was accumulating national power, and its population was also increasing rapidly.
* When acquiring a colony, a fairly difficult battle was fought in the form of the Boer War in South Africa (1880-81, 1899-1902) and the Sino-French War over Vietnam (1884-85). Was
In addition, although Britain and France were behind, when the Industrial Revolution began in Germany, it was rapidly developing in heavy industry instead of light industry.
Until the middle of the 19th century, Britain accounted for about 50% of the world's industrial production, but it was overtaken at the beginning of the 20th century, and Germany:about 16% and Britain:about 14%. At that time, the largest industrial production in the world was about 36% of the United States).
As a result, Germany has come to think that it wants to relocate its surplus domestic population overseas while closing the gap in national power with Britain and France.
The Colonial Bureau was established within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the year Wilhelm II was crowned. We embarked on a colonial expansion. The Triple Intervention in the Qing dynasty in 1895 was also done to give Germany a foothold for colonial expansion.
When Germany feels a sense of crisis, Britain and France are rapidly approaching each other. Entente Cordiale put an end to the conflict of hundreds of years since the Hundred Years War (even before the cause of the Hundred Years War) Was tied.
One of the reasons why Entente Cordiale was tied up? What is the Fashoda Incident? ??
In Africa's colonization policy, both Britain and France are
- France:Policy to expand laterally (after going south from Algeria in northwestern Africa)
- Great Britain:Policy to extend power vertically (between Egypt and South Africa)
I was taking.
In 1898, they collided with each other in the village of Fashoda in Sudan, along the Nile, where their routes intersect.
The French Foreign Minister at that time thought that it was better to avoid a military clash with Britain because he was nervous that he did not know when there would be a clash with Germany, and the French army withdrew Fashoda. Sudan became British (and Egyptian jointly) governed.
It seems that the British and French became friends a little because of this incident.
Let's take a look at the background of Britain's connection with Russia
The Russo-Japanese War occurred on the other side of Europe when Britain and Russia became mutually beneficial. (1904-1905).
Britain Anglo-Japanese Alliance with Japan in the war that occurred as the European powers advanced into the Far East At this point, Britain was treated as a complete enemy to Russia.
When the war began, Russia became disadvantaged day by day. When the situation deteriorated, the labor movement became active due to people who were dissatisfied with the "low wages and long working hours" that had been increasing since the Industrial Revolution.
What's worse for Russia continues, with Russia losing the war.
- Independence movement in Poland
- Rebellion by soldiers in the Black Sea Fleet
etc. will occur, and the inside will become tattered.
The reason for the Anglo-Japanese Alliance was originally
British Colonial Expansion Policy (← I went to make a difference with the later Industrial Revolutionary Group) and Russia's Southward Policy Because the directions of advancement of each other overlapped. Power struggle in Afghanistan and Iran It was a very bad relationship. .. ..
The story changes because Russia's defeat and changes in domestic circumstances have made it "there is no room to go south."
Germany's growing presence in Europe was a great threat not only to France but also to Britain. I have come to think that it is better to cooperate to suppress Germany than to quarrel with Russia.
On the other hand, Russia also thought that it was not a good idea to compete with the great power Britain in the face of defeat and worsening domestic circumstances, so in 1907 Anglo-Russian Cooperative Is tied.
About the Ottoman Public Debt Administration
Triple Alliance to cooperate in multiple nations , Triple Entente In the background of the completion, economic interests were also involved.
Ottoman Empire founded mainly in 1881 It is set in the Ottoman Public Debt Management Bureau, an organization that promotes the repayment of debt (external debt).
About the Ottoman Empire at that time
Ottoman Empire since the end of the 18th century When Russia in the north began its southward policy, it began to fuel the national movements of the Balkans under its control.
In fact, areas under multiple control, such as Greece, have even caused an independence war, and there have been situations in which Russia has supported behind the scenes, and there are also cases where the Ottoman Empire directly collides with Russia. Due to these troubles, the Ottoman Empire had declined considerably in the 19th century.
Of course, the Ottoman Empire cannot be left as it is. .. ..
We knew that the Industrial Revolution had given European nations power, so we are working to modernize the military by promoting westernization and renewing the central government.
Crimean War with Russia in 1853 Promised to recognize non-Muslim rights to obtain cooperation from Western Europe when
- Enactment of a new code
- Establishment of a school for modern education
- Establishment of Ottoman Bank
.
These reforms and wars require a lot of money, and the Ottoman Empire will continue to borrow money from the Western powers who have the money.
At this point, the Ottoman Empire was not directly colonized. .. ..
As trade expanded with economic disparity as exchanges increased, only raw materials that were in high demand in Western society were produced in the Ottoman Empire, creating an economic system that depended on the European economy.
Panic of 1873
The financial crisis of 1873-79 occurred while the Ottoman economic system became dependent on Western Europe.
There are several causes, but the cause of the financial crisis in Europe is
- [Germany] Speculation on the stock market is excessively accelerated due to the combination of the compensation that came in due to the victory of the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) and the excitement of winning the war with the establishment of banks. >
- [UK] The Suez Canal was opened in 1869, but due to the influence of the wind, some ships could not navigate on the Suez Canal, and the distribution of goods was delayed, which was a big blow to trade.
Under these circumstances, it seems that European countries changed from the silver standard system to the gold standard system.
* Gold (silver) standard system:A system based on gold (silver), and the monetary value was backed by gold (silver)
What happened when you could buy from the silver standard to the gold standard?
I was planning to collect the original silver coins, remake some of them as auxiliary silver coins, and crush the rest and sell them. .. ..
Where a significant amount of silver is to be sold against demand, new silver mines have been discovered and new technology improvements have increased silver production. Naturally, the supply was oversupplied and the price of silver fell sharply.
For this reason, related businesses in South America have shrunk. Since I was investing from Europe to South America, I suffered a lot of damage.
The Wiener Börse was the first to pop as a result of unreasonable investment, a sharp fall in silver, and some stagnation in the trade of large powers. If this spreads and the bankruptcy continues in Vienna, other European countries will also fall into a long recession.
On the other hand, some countries have taken advantage of the recession. At that time, Germany succeeded in increasing the growth rate by stimulating the later industrial demand by increasing investment in social infrastructure. On the other hand, Britain's industrial production, which it was trying to manage by adjusting supply, increased by less than half that of Germany, narrowing the gap between the two countries.
At the time of such a major economic turning point, the Ottoman Empire, which was dependent on the European economy at that time, was naturally affected by the recession. Taking this opportunity, the finances of the Ottoman Empire were further dominated by European countries, and they had greater debt than ever before.
Establishment of Ottoman Public Debt Management Bureau
When the debt becomes so large that the repayment is delayed, the Ottoman Public Destiny Bureau is created to encourage the Ottoman Empire to "repay the debt".
In addition to Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Austria, which lent money, one representative from each of the two banks in the Ottoman Empire. .. .. It is the establishment of an organization with more than 5,000 staff under a total of seven people.
Even if these institutions were established, the redemption was delayed, creating a conflict between the great powers who were lending money.
In addition to military vigilance, these economic conflicts have spurred the dispute over the interests of the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente.