The birth of nationalism in UP due to the revolution of 1857

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The birth of nationalism in UP due to the revolt of 1857

Due to the revolution of 1857, the attitude of the British Raj towards this province had become partisan. As a result, the province got separated from Bengal, etc. in the field of education and social reforms. Along with this, this province remained backward in terms of religious and cultural movements. In the period when Bengal was becoming culturally and intellectually stimulated due to Brahmin Samaj and social intellectual institutions like Ramakrishna Mission, Punjab Arya Samaj, and Poona, Prarthana Samaj, and Satyashodhak Mandal in Mumbai. Uttar Pradesh was passing through a phase of cultural vacuum. During this period only two branches of Arya Samaj could be established in Uttar Pradesh. Even in this relatively quiet environment, in the late nineteenth century Bhartendu Harishchandra of Banaras, through his poet Vachan Sudha, continued to campaign in support of the Swadeshi movement of Bengal.

During this period, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan laid the foundation of a progressive movement among the Muslims. After returning from Britain, in 1869, he started the movement of Western knowledge among the Muslim society through a magazine called Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq. He established the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental School in Aligarh in 1857, which later became Aligarh University. An important chapter in the modern history of Uttar Pradesh is the movement known as Aligarh Movement.

The first session of the Indian National Congress in Mumbai was concluded on December 28, 1885, at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, representing Uttar Pradesh. Among the total 72 delegates of the establishment convention were Ganga Prasad Verma, Prannath Pandit, Munshi Jwala Prasad Jankinath Ghoshal, Ramkali Choudhary, Babu Jamunadas, Babu Shivprasad Chaudhary Kishan Lal Baijnath etc.

In the second session of Congress held in Kolkata, the number of representatives of Uttar Pradesh had reached 74. In which session started under the chairmanship of Dadabhai Naoroji, a total of 431 delegates took part. Surendranath Banerjee also attended the second session of Congress. In the convention, Surendra Nath takes the decision to be attended by Banerjee and Indian other political organizations of Bengal also participated openly in it. Congress general secretary A. O. Hume was made and it was decided to set up local committees to the Congress. In this session, the Congress constituted a 17 member committee to consider the questions related to public services. In which five members were elected from Uttar Pradesh alone. Ganga Prasad Verma, Prannath, Hamid Ali and Nawab Raja Ali Khan of Lucknow and Murthy Kashi Prasad of Allahabad were included in this committee.

Raja Ram Pal Singh, Maulvi Hamid Ali, Ramkali Choudhary and Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya from Uttar Pradesh were included in the subject commentary announced by Badruddin Tyabji in the third session held in Madras. In this session of Congress, a Law Committee was formed to determine the constitution and working method of the party, in which Ganga Prasad Verma, Vishan Narayan and Maulana Hamid Ali were included in Lucknow. This convention proved to be more successful than both its previous conventions. 607 delegates participated in this convention and for the first time, approval was given for a meeting place for the representatives to live. Efforts to make Congress a mass organization started from this session.

The fourth session of the Congress was held in Allahabad under the chairmanship of George Yule. Auckland Calvin, the governor of the same province, tried his best that the Congress could not be campaigned in the distant province, nor could he collect the necessary funds and also tried that the Congress could not find any place for the session in Allahabad. . In the third session of Madras, the code of criticism made against the British administration by the Congress was the reason for the tough stand of this British rule.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and King Shivprasad Sitare Hind of Banaras also started opposing the Congress with a strong stand of the British. Sir Syed Ahmed asked the Muslims to stay away from the Congress, but even after his opposition in the Indian Muslim society, the attraction towards the Congress continued to grow. The number of Muslim representatives in its convention had increased to 2 years in the year 1885, 33 years in 1886, 79 in 1887.

Seeing the increasing influence of Muslims in the Congress, Sir Syed started campaigning against the Congress by establishing two organizations named Mohammedan Education Congress and United Patriotic Association. Along with Sir Syed, Raja Shivprasad Sitare Hind also supported the campaign against the Congress. Rich Parsis like British Indian Association and Sir Dinsa Manakji Petit also tried their best to weaken the Congress.

The session of Allahabad proved to be more successful than the first three conventions even after the brahmin protests. A total of 1248 delegates took part, out of which 964 were Hindus, 222 Muslims, 7 Parsis, 11 Jains, 6 Sikhs, 16 Christians, 2 Europeans and 20 American Indians. Of these representatives, 11 nawabs, 1 prince, 2 Mughal princes, 3 other princes, 388 zamindars. 448 Lawyer. 77 journalists, 143 commissioners, 58 teachers and 10 farmers participated.

The Allahabad session was a numerically successful session, but the dominance of feudal and aristocratic representation increased so much that the attitude of the Congress towards the British Raj became softer than before. Ranade and Gokhale etc. were leading this soft stand. The decision to hold the 1892 session in London was taken as a result of this soft stand. But later it was decided to do it in Allahabad. This was the second session of Congress in Uttar Pradesh. The third session of the Congress was held in Lucknow in the year 1899 in Uttar Pradesh. In which the Congress session was accepted and the decision to constitute regional committees was also taken in this session.

Within the Congress, a militant current started flowing against the soft stand of the Congress. Which was led by Tilak and Aurobindo Ghosh. Arvind Ghosh wrote fiercely against Nehru in Indu Prakash, published from Mumbai, and before 1895, Tilak made a direct allegation in the Congress that he did not want to take it to the general public, from the Congress till the year 1905. Although the dominance of the moderates remained established, but gradually the growing popularity of Tilak started increasing the distance between the soft and the hot sect.

The partition of Bengal gave great impetus to the internal differences of the Congress. Sharp differences have arisen in the Congress on the question of boycott, Swadeshi and national education slogans given in the Bang Bhang movement. In such an environment, the 25th session of Congress was held in Banaras. The first clash between these two groups took place in Banaras. The first reason for this controversy was the welcome offer of the Prince of Wales. Wanted to pass this resolution in Banaras, while Tilak is against the order. Later, when Tilak Dal proposed to start the boycott movement at the all-India level in 1960 Kolkata session, the moderate party opposed it. The convention itself started with bitterness. In fact, the extremists wanted Lala Lajpat Rai to be made the president, while the moderates had invited 81-year-old Dadabhai Naoroji from Britain and made him the Congress president for the third time. The hot party could not resist it. Protests had also started in both the parties regarding the Swadeshi movement. The result of all this came to the fore in the Surat Congress of the year 1907, when this opposition had reached its climax, the Congress was divided into two parts.

At this time the government repression cycle was also at its peak in the opposition to the movements of Swadeshi, boycott and national education. On June 24, 1908, Tilak was sentenced to 6 years for his articles published in Kesari. Famous leaders of Bengal Ashwini Kumar Dutt and Krishna Kumar Mitra were expelled from the country. Now the Congress was completely in the hands of the moderate parties, because Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh also left active politics.