Peace Treaty Is a treaty signed to end the war between warring states So, postwar political and permanent conditions, territory, position, compensation between the two countries We will also discuss such things.
This time, the San Francisco Peace Treaty , which is the most closely related to Japan among the peace treaties. I would like to write about. Incidentally, the Japan-US Security Treaty that was signed at the same time. I would like to introduce about.
What is the San Francisco Peace Treaty?
1951 (Showa 26) Refers to the peace treaty signed between Japan and the United States, San Francisco Treaty, San Francisco Peace Treaty Also called.
When the World War II Peace Conference was held in San Francisco, USA on September 8, the then Prime Minister, Shigeru Yoshida Has signed a peace treaty with 49 countries around the world.
The 49 countries in the world are the countries that fought against Japan in World War II.
Japan is an independent country occupied by the Allied Forces after this peace treaty have become.
Background and purpose of the San Francisco Peace Treaty
At this time, America and the Soviet Union were required to conclude this peace treaty. Is Cold War The background is that it was there.
In this era, even though the United States and the Soviet Union did not have a direct war, a proxy war was fought and the world remained tense. Especially in East Asia after the end of World War II, communism Was widespread.
Fearing the spread of communism in East Asia, the United States thought it was a good idea to maintain friendship with Japan and considered concluding a peace treaty. San Francisco Peace Treaty for Japan, which had longed for a return to the international community as an independent country. I couldn't hope to conclude.
Contents of the San Francisco Peace Treaty
The contents of the treaty were decided on the following three main points.
- Restoration of Japan's sovereignty (Japan-US Security Treaty)
- Compensation
- About territorial issues
US-Japan Security Treaty
The US-Japan Security Treaty was signed at the same time as the San Francisco Peace Treaty. So, even now, I often hear " Japan-US Security " when discussing the Self-Defense Forces and Article 9 of the Constitution. It refers to the thing.
Japan is an independent country under the occupation of the United States due to the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty However, the provisions of the Japan-US Security Treaty do not mean that the United States will completely withdraw the US military from Japan. Therefore, the pros and cons of this are still being debated in Okinawa, where US military bases are concentrated as a major issue.
US-Japan Security Treaty The content of interferes with Japan's civil war, but the agreement to protect Japan when Japan is attacked by another country is not clarified. Still, Shigeru Yoshida at that time The prime minister seems to have thought that it would be beneficial in the sense that the US military would play a part in national defense.
It was also Shigeru Yoshida's national strategy to accelerate high economic growth by pushing the military.
Postwar national compensation
Regarding postwar compensation (national compensation), each country occupied by Japan had the right to claim compensation from Japan, but it was Philippines and Vietnam that actually fulfilled that right. It was just.
Postwar territorial disputes
Northern Territories, Senkaku Islands, Takeshima under the San Francisco Treaty The problems between Japan's view of the territory and the countries facing Japan are as follows.
Northern Territories
Under the San Francisco Treaty, Japan is Kuril Islands and South Karafuto Is abandoned.
However, the abandoned Kuril Islands are northern four islands that have become Japanese territory. ( Habomai, Shitan, Kunashir, Iturup ) Is not included. However, the Soviet Union has not signed the San Francisco Treaty Therefore, Japan cannot claim its rights under the San Francisco Treaty.
Until now, negotiations to conclude a peace treaty between Japan and the Soviet Union (Russia) have continued, but since it has not been realized, the problems surrounding the Northern Territories have not yet been resolved.
Senkaku Islands
The Senkaku Islands will be as a territory of Japan with Okinawa under this peace treaty. It is under control. The Senkaku Islands are also included in the areas returned by the Okinawa Prefectural Agreement when Okinawa returned to the mainland. Therefore, the Senkaku Islands have long been a territory peculiar to Japan . It is supposed to be.
However, the People's Republic of China, where the San Francisco Peace Treaty was not called by the signing conference itself, is not bound by the interpretation of the treaty. This creates a territorial dispute with Japan because it claims that the Senkaku Islands, which are located in waters rich in oil resources, are their own territory.
Takeshima problem
During the development of the San Francisco Peace Treaty, South Korea called for Japan to abandon Takeshima, but the United States refused . .. The San Francisco Peace Treaty confirms that Takeshima is a Japanese territory.
However, in 1952, South Korean President Syngman Rhee [ Declaration of Marine Sovereignty ], And unilaterally included the sea area including Takeshima in the territorial waters of South Korea [ Syngman Rhee Line ] Has been set. Currently, the South Korean side has landed its own troops on Takeshima and shot a patrol boat of the Japan Coast Guard. South Korea is illegally occupied by this Syngman Rhee Line. It is a situation that is doing.
Countries that did not sign the San Francisco Peace Treaty
At the beginning, I wrote that I signed the San Francisco Peace Treaty with 49 countries around the world, but some countries attended the peace conference but did not sign the treaty.
It attended the meeting but did not sign Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Poland So I didn't attend the conference itself India, Myanmar, Yugoslavia was. People's Republic of China, Republic of China (Taiwan, islands around Taiwan), Republic of Korea that were not invited to the conference in the first place was.
Later, we will individually conclude peace treaties with these countries, and Japan-India Peace Treaties with India. 1952 It is concluded in. Currently, diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union (Russia) have been restored, but no agreement has been reached on the territorial dispute, and no peace treaty has been signed with each other in the world of Reiwa.
With China, September 29, 1972 (Showa 47), Japan-China Joint Statement Agreed to normalize diplomatic relations I was allowed to. Also, as mentioned earlier, the neighboring South Korea suddenly Syngman Rhee Line immediately after the San Francisco Peace Treaty came into effect. The Korean army began to invade Takeshima.
After that, 1965 (Showa 40) Japan-Korea Basic Treaty Although diplomatic relations were concluded in the conclusion of the agreement, the Takeshima issue is still frequent diplomatic issues in Japan and South Korea. As you all know, effective control continues.