Anglo-Saxon religious scholar. Charlemagne put him at the head of the school of the palace of Aix-la-Chapelle and that of Tours. He was instrumental in the restoration of culture in the 9th century (teaching, conservation of manuscripts) and in the fight against heresies.
Philippe is the fourth son of King Jean le Bon of France. He earned his nickname alongside his father at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. He received the Duchy of Burgundy in 1363 and won that of Flanders when his father-in-law died without a male heir. He thus inaugurates a matrimonial policy which
